Parasite drug resistance and difficulties in developing effective vaccines have precipitated the search for alternative therapies for malaria. The success of passive immunization suggests that immunoglobulin (Ig)-based therapies are effective. To further explore the mechanism(s) by which antibody mediates its protective effect, we generated human chimeric IgG1
IntroductionMalaria continues to kill approximately 2 million people each year. 1 The success of passive immunization in humans and animals suggests that immunoglobulin (Ig)-based therapies could be effective. 2,3 Manipulating antibody (Ab) genes allows the design of Ig with defined class and specificity, targeting protective epitopes on the parasite surface. An appropriate target is the 19-kDa C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1 19 ). This polypeptide displays limited sequence polymorphism, 4 is expressed by all vertebrate life-cycle stages, 5 and acts as a major target of the erythrocyte invasion-inhibitory Ab response in individuals immune to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. 6 The mechanisms whereby Ig mediates protective immunity in malaria remain unclear. 7 A primary role of Ab appears to involve blocking of merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. 8 However, studies using human Ab suggest that the protective effects are mediated through interaction with specific receptors for the Ig Fc region (FcR) expressed on various effector cells. 9,10 Using Plasmodium yoelii in a murine model to address these possibilities, we generated human chimeric IgG1 and IgA1 Abs recognizing an epitope on P yoelii MSP1 19 . We have investigated the potential of these intact Abs, and a novel diabody with specificity for both MSP1 19 and a human receptor for IgG Fc, Fc␥RI, as novel malaria therapeutics.
Materials and methods
Construction of expression vectorsVariable heavy (VH) and light (VL) complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were cloned from mouse hybridomas B10 (anti-MSP1 19 ) and M22 (anti-human Fc␥RI) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using degenerate primers (5Ј-SARGTNMARCTGCAGSAGTC-3Ј and 5Ј-TGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTYCCTTGGCCCC-3Ј for VH and 5Ј-GAYATTGAGCTCACMCARWCTMCA-3Ј and 5Ј-CCGTTTBAKCTC-GAGCTTKGTSCC-3Ј for VL). 11,12 An alternative primer incorporating a BssHII restriction enzyme site was used to reamplify B10 VH to facilitate subcloning. The IgA1 heavy-chain constant region was subcloned as a BamHI-SalI fragment from an ␣ chain gene-containing plasmid 13 into pAD-Gal4-2.1 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and then as a BamHI-XbaI fragment into pVHExpress (a kind gift from Andrew Bradbury, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM), 14 replacing the ␥1 constant domains to yield pVHExpress ␣1H. The VH genes were inserted into pVHExpress and pVHExpress ␣1H, upstream of the ␥1 or ␣1 constant regions, respectively, and the VL genes into pVKExpress upstream of the human gene. 14 To generate the Fc␥RI x MSP1 19 diabody, an overlapping PCR-based strategy was used. First, the VH and VL regions of B10 and M22 were amplified. The 5Ј VH primers inco...