Systemic Therapies for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma, part 3

“…Cytokines are proteins and one type of adjuvant immunotherapy (see Immunotherapy: Selected cytokines for treating RCC). [12][13][14][15] • Interferon-alpha is a glycoprotein with immune system modulating properties that has an antiproliferative effect on renal malignancies. Patients generally tolerate the medication well with flulike symptoms being the most common adverse reaction.…”

“…Patients generally tolerate the medication well with flulike symptoms being the most common adverse reaction. [12][13][14][15] • Interleukin-2 stimulates lymphocytes to destroy cancer cells and is associated with more serious adverse reactions when compared with interferon-alpha, such as bleeding and cardiopulmonary complications. [12][13][14][15] Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are another type of immunotherapy (see Immunotherapy: A selected ICI for treating RCC).…”

“…[12][13][14][15] • Interleukin-2 stimulates lymphocytes to destroy cancer cells and is associated with more serious adverse reactions when compared with interferon-alpha, such as bleeding and cardiopulmonary complications. [12][13][14][15] Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are another type of immunotherapy (see Immunotherapy: A selected ICI for treating RCC). [12][13][14][15] Checkpoints are a series of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways in a person' s immune system that regulate the identification and elimination of cancer cells.…”

“…[12][13][14][15] Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are another type of immunotherapy (see Immunotherapy: A selected ICI for treating RCC). [12][13][14][15] Checkpoints are a series of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways in a person' s immune system that regulate the identification and elimination of cancer cells. ICIs block proteins that modulate the immune system to prevent T-lymphocytes from recognizing and destroying cancer cells.…”

“…Common ICIs that are effective in treating advanced and metastatic RCC include, but are not limited to, antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, known as nivolumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4, known as ipilimumab). [12][13][14][15] Immunotherapy: A selected ICI for treating RCC Targeted molecular therapy: Sorafenib 15,21,24,30,31…”