Systematically applied chemicals that damage lung tissue

Clara Cell Cultures from the Mouse and Their Reaction to Bronchiolar Toxins

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

Clara Cell Cultures from the Mouse and Their Reaction to Bronchiolar Toxins

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

Clara cell cultures from the mouse and their reaction to bronchiolar toxins.

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

An exploratory study of information sources and key findings on UK cocaine-related deaths

“…Additional concerns are that: often durations of exposure are unknown (Brunt et al, 2009; Evrard et al, 2010); users are unable to detect specific adulterants (Evrard et al, 2010); the variable purity level and the wide range of adulterants can lead to unpredictable clinical effects (Evrard et al, 2010); and many of these adulterants are prescribed for oral ingestion in therapeutic treatment but pharmacokinetic properties such as absorption, bio-availability, distribution, metabolism and kinetics may be affected by other administration routes (Brunt et al, 2009; Pawlik et al, 2015). If cocaine is insufflated or smoked the adulterants will also be incorporated into the lung initially (Pawlik and Mahler, 2013), and may result in lung damage or disease (Hollinger, 1993; Kehrer and Kacew, 1985). Lidocaine, for example, may cause pulmonary parenchymal damage, and levamisole’s metabolite – aminorex – causes pulmonary hypertension (Hollinger, 1993).…”

Clara Cell Cultures from the Mouse and Their Reaction to Bronchiolar Toxins

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

Clara cell cultures from the mouse and their reaction to bronchiolar toxins.

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

An exploratory study of information sources and key findings on UK cocaine-related deaths

“…Additional concerns are that: often durations of exposure are unknown (Brunt et al, 2009; Evrard et al, 2010); users are unable to detect specific adulterants (Evrard et al, 2010); the variable purity level and the wide range of adulterants can lead to unpredictable clinical effects (Evrard et al, 2010); and many of these adulterants are prescribed for oral ingestion in therapeutic treatment but pharmacokinetic properties such as absorption, bio-availability, distribution, metabolism and kinetics may be affected by other administration routes (Brunt et al, 2009; Pawlik et al, 2015). If cocaine is insufflated or smoked the adulterants will also be incorporated into the lung initially (Pawlik and Mahler, 2013), and may result in lung damage or disease (Hollinger, 1993; Kehrer and Kacew, 1985). Lidocaine, for example, may cause pulmonary parenchymal damage, and levamisole’s metabolite – aminorex – causes pulmonary hypertension (Hollinger, 1993).…”

Clara Cell Cultures from the Mouse and Their Reaction to Bronchiolar Toxins

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

Clara cell cultures from the mouse and their reaction to bronchiolar toxins.

“…The herbicide paraquat has been shown to be actively accumulated by lung tissue and is considered to target to epithelial (Type I and H) cells (16,19). This diamine also causes extensive changes to Clara cells in vivo (18) and has a high toxicity rating (TD50 = 4 I.M) from the present in vitro studies.…”

An exploratory study of information sources and key findings on UK cocaine-related deaths

“…Additional concerns are that: often durations of exposure are unknown (Brunt et al, 2009; Evrard et al, 2010); users are unable to detect specific adulterants (Evrard et al, 2010); the variable purity level and the wide range of adulterants can lead to unpredictable clinical effects (Evrard et al, 2010); and many of these adulterants are prescribed for oral ingestion in therapeutic treatment but pharmacokinetic properties such as absorption, bio-availability, distribution, metabolism and kinetics may be affected by other administration routes (Brunt et al, 2009; Pawlik et al, 2015). If cocaine is insufflated or smoked the adulterants will also be incorporated into the lung initially (Pawlik and Mahler, 2013), and may result in lung damage or disease (Hollinger, 1993; Kehrer and Kacew, 1985). Lidocaine, for example, may cause pulmonary parenchymal damage, and levamisole’s metabolite – aminorex – causes pulmonary hypertension (Hollinger, 1993).…”