Systematic review of the effects of environmental factors on virus inactivation: implications for coronavirus disease 2019

Guo, Lei; Yang, Zhi‐gang; Zhang, L.; Wang, S.; Bai, Tao; Xiang, Yue; Long, Enshen

doi:10.1007/s13762-021-03495-9

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…We did not observe significant associations between extreme cold and the risk of pediatric pneumonia events. High temperatures reduce the transmission efficiency of viruses (42), which may explain our findings. Higher temperatures were not demonstrated to enhance the transmissibility of the pneumoniacausing virus and substantially reduced shedding of the virus (43).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Makrufardi,

Triasih,

Nurnaningsih

et al. 2024

Front. Pediatr.

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IntroductionThe impact of climate change on ambient temperatures threatens to worsen pediatric pneumonia-related outcomes considerably. This study examined the associations of temperature variation and extreme temperature with pediatric pneumonia-related events using a meta-analysis.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant literature, and the quality of evidence was assessed. Fixed and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate the pooled relative risks (RRs) of the associations with pneumonia-related events.ResultsWe observed that a 1°C temperature variation increased the RR of pneumonia events by 1.06-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.10). A 1°C temperature variation increased the RR by 1.10-fold of the pediatric pneumonia hospital admissions (95% CI: 1.00–1.21) and 1.06-fold of the pediatric pneumonia emergency department visits (95% CI: 1.01-1.10). Extreme cold increased the RR by 1.25-fold of the pediatric pneumonia events (95% CI: 1.07–1.45). A 1°C temperature variation increased the RR of pneumonia events in children by 1.19-fold (95% CI: 1.08–1.32), girls by 1.03-fold (95% CI: 1.02–1.05), and in temperate climate zones by 1.07-fold (95% CI: 1.03–1.11). Moreover, an increase in extreme cold increased the RR of pneumonia events in children by 2.43-fold (95% CI: 1.72–3.43), girls by 1.96-fold (95% CI: 1.29–2.98) and in temperate climate zones by 2.76-fold (95% CI: 1.71–4.47).ConclusionOur study demonstrated that pediatric pneumonia events are more prevalent among children, particularly girls, and individuals residing in temperate climate zones. Climate change represents an emergent public health threat, affecting pediatric pneumonia treatment and prevention..Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO (CRD42022378610).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Makrufardi,

Triasih,

Nurnaningsih

et al. 2024

Front. Pediatr.

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“…The effect of humidity on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus has received substantial attention during 2020 and 2021, including studies conducted in Bangladesh [ 10 ] and China [ 4 , 23 , 24 ], and systematic reviews on the topic [ 25 ]. However, no consistent conclusion has been made.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in the control of COVID-19 outbreaks caused by the delta variant during periods of low humidity: an observational study in Sydney, Australia

et al. 2021

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Background Since the appearance of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a growing body of evidence has suggested that weather factors, particularly temperature and humidity, influence transmission. This relationship might differ for the recently emerged B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2. Here we use data from an outbreak in Sydney, Australia that commenced in winter and time-series analysis to investigate the association between reported cases and temperature and relative humidity. Methods Between 16 June and 10 September 2021, the peak of the outbreak, there were 31,662 locally-acquired cases reported in five local health districts of Sydney, Australia. The associations between daily 9:00 am and 3:00 pm temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and their difference, and a time series of reported daily cases were assessed using univariable and multivariable generalized additive models and a 14-day exponential moving average. Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the likelihood ratio statistic were used to compare different models and determine the best fitting model. A sensitivity analysis was performed by modifying the exponential moving average. Results During the 87-day time-series, relative humidity ranged widely (< 30–98%) and temperatures were mild (approximately 11–17 °C). The best-fitting (AIC: 1,119.64) generalized additive model included 14-day exponential moving averages of 9:00 am temperature (P < 0.001) and 9:00 am relative humidity (P < 0.001), and the interaction between these two weather variables (P < 0.001). Humidity was negatively associated with cases no matter whether temperature was high or low. The effect of lower relative humidity on increased cases was more pronounced below relative humidity of about 70%; below this threshold, not only were the effects of humidity pronounced but also the relationship between temperature and cases of the delta variant becomes apparent. Conclusions We suggest that the control of COVID-19 outbreaks, specifically those due to the delta variant, is particularly challenging during periods of the year with lower relative humidity and warmer temperatures. In addition to vaccination, stronger implementation of other interventions such as mask-wearing and social distancing might need to be considered during these higher risk periods. Graphical Abstract

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“…As with other coronaviruses, experimental evidence confirmed the improved surface survival of the virus at low temperatures and, consequently, specific enthalpies [ 3 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Indeed, when analysing the data displayed in Figure 5 , we can see that almost all the works are in good accordance with the expected behaviour of the virus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

SARS-CoV-2 Survival on Surfaces. Measurements Optimisation for an Enthalpy-Based Assessment of the Risk

Spena

Palombi

Carestia

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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The present work, based on the results found in the literature, yields a consistent model of SARS-CoV-2 survival on surfaces as environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, change simultaneously. The Enthalpy method, which has recently been successfully proposed to investigate the viability of airborne viruses using a holistic approach, is found to allow us to take a reasoned reading of the data available on surfaces in the literature. This leads us to identify the domain of conditions of lowest SARS-CoV-2 viability, in a specific enthalpy range between 50 and 60 kJ/Kgdry-air. This range appears well-superimposed with the results we previously obtained from analyses of coronaviruses’ behaviour in aerosols, and may be helpful in dealing with the spread of infections. To steer future investigations, shortcomings and weaknesses emerging from the assessment of viral measurement usually carried out on surfaces are also discussed in detail. Once demonstrated that current laboratory procedures suffer from both high variability and poor standardisation, targeted implementations of standards and improvement of protocols for future investigations are then proposed.

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Systematic review of the effects of environmental factors on virus inactivation: implications for coronavirus disease 2019

Cited by 12 publications

References 85 publications

Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Challenges in the control of COVID-19 outbreaks caused by the delta variant during periods of low humidity: an observational study in Sydney, Australia

SARS-CoV-2 Survival on Surfaces. Measurements Optimisation for an Enthalpy-Based Assessment of the Risk

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