Systematic identification and expression profiles of the BAHD superfamily acyltransferases in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Abstract

BAHD superfamily acyltransferases play an important role in catalyzing and regulating secondary metabolism in plants. Despite this, there is relatively little information regarding the BAHD superfamily in barley. In this study, we identified 116 HvBAHD acyltransferases from the barley genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis and classification in model monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, we divided the genes into eight groups, I-a, I-b, II, III-a, III-b, IV, V-a and V-b. The Clade IV genes, including Agmatine Coumarol Transferase (ACT) that is associated with resistance of plants to Gibberella fungi, were absent in Arabidopsis. Cis-regulatory element analysis of the HvBAHDs showed that the genes respond positively to GA3 treatment. In-silico expression and qPCR analysis showed the HvBAHD genes are expressed in a range of tissues and developmental stages, and highly enriched in the seedling stage, consistent with diverse roles. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scanning analysis revealed that the natural variation in the coding regions of the HvBAHDs is low and the sequences have been conserved during barley domestication. Our results reveal the complexity of the HvBAHDs and will help facilitate their analysis in further studies.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Kinesin Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

“…Our results suggest that the majority of HvKINs are scattered near the ends of the chromosomes that are gene-rich ( Figure 2 ), which is similar to previous observations for other gene families in barley [ 35 ]. One of the main factors in the complexity of the genome and the rapid expansion and evolution of gene families is gene duplication [ 52 , 53 ].…”

“…DNA contamination was removed by reverse transcription using DNase I (TaKaRa), and first-strand cDNA was generated from one microgram of total RNA using HiScript III Reverse Transcriptase R302 (Nanjing Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). QRT-PCR procedures and data analysis were performed as previously described [ 35 , 36 ]. HvACTIN (HORVU1Hr1G074350.1) was chosen as an internal reference gene [ 37 ].…”

“…Barley plants growing at 30 days were treated with 100 uM ABA [ 38 ] and 50 mg/L GA3 [ 35 ], while the control was sprayed with an equal amount of pure water. Leaves were selected at 0 h and 12 h, and the RNA was extracted and estimated by QRT-PCR to detect HvKIN gene expression.…”

Avenanthramides, Distinctive Hydroxycinnamoyl Conjugates of Oat, Avena sativa L.: An Update on the Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Bioactivities

“…Phylogenetic analyses using full-length amino acid sequences of functionally characterised BAHD enzymes, indicate five distinctive clades that correlate to general function [ 2 , 18 ]. BAHD acyl transferases generally exhibit low substrate selectivity, and can use a variety of CoA thioester and alcohol co-substrates (e.g., aromatic and aliphatic alcohols) and amines, glycosides, terpenoids, and alkaloids [ 2 ].…”

“…BAHD acyl transferases generally exhibit low substrate selectivity, and can use a variety of CoA thioester and alcohol co-substrates (e.g., aromatic and aliphatic alcohols) and amines, glycosides, terpenoids, and alkaloids [ 2 ]. The acronym BAHD refers to the first letter of the first four enzymes that were discovered to belong to this family, with ‘H’ representing the N -hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT) found in clade Vb [ 18 ]. HCBT was the first identified case of a BAHD member that is capable of transferring the acyl moiety to a nitrogen atom to form the corresponding amide, and was identified in elicited cell cultures of carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus [ 19 ].…”