Syphilis and Human Experimentation From World War II to the Present: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics

Cuerda-Galindo, Esther; Sierra, X.; López, Juan Antonio; López-Muñoz, Francisco

doi:10.1016/j.adengl.2013.08.003

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…15,16 Sin embargo, esto no permeó en otros contextos de investigación, ya que desde 1932 y hasta 1972 se llevó a cabo el estudio de Tuskegee, en el que cientos de afroamericanos, en su mayoría analfabetos, fueron seleccionados para observar la progresión natural de la sífilis no tratada. 17 Entre 1957 y 1963, se comercializó la talidomida, la cual era utilizada como sedante y calmante de las náuseas durante el embarazo, pero presentó efectos adversos como malformaciones congénitas; las cuales afectaron a miles de individuos. 18,19 En la posguerra, surgieron múltiples i,nvestigaciones biomédicas como la realizada en el Estudio Willowbrook (1956) en el que se infectaron a cientos de niños y adultos que padecían retraso mental, de manera intencional, con el virus de hepatitis; o el caso del Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (1963) en el que se inocularon células cancerosas subcutáneas a adultos mayores.…”

Section: Breve Historia De La Investigación En Medicinaunclassified

La importancia de la investigación científica en medicina

Mendoza-Sánchez,

Quintana-Zúñiga,

Díaz-Quiñonez

2023

Atención Familiar

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El ser humano cuestiona por naturaleza, esto le ha permitido en las ciencias médicas obtener conocimientos de gran relevancia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. En el presente trabajo se revisan algunos sucesos importantes en el desarrollo de la investigación científica en medicina, de forma breve, aspectos relacionados con la difusión de resultados en investigación, a través de artículos científicos y el proceso que se debe seguir para que estos puedan ser conocidos por la comunidad científica y la población en general.

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Section: Breve Historia De La Investigación En Medicinaunclassified

La importancia de la investigación científica en medicina

Mendoza-Sánchez,

Quintana-Zúñiga,

Díaz-Quiñonez

2023

Atención Familiar

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“…d) It is unacceptable to exclude patients from drugs, if a medication is available for the purpose of a study. 9 In RTCs usually a treatment group and a placebo group are compared. Presumably, also a "no treatment group" would be needed to exclude the interaction of the patient with the study team, when serving as an observer.…”

Section: What Is a Placebo?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, "no treatment" can be done with consent of the patient and is not acceptable for study reasons, if some kind of treatment is already available and is, thus, denied to the patient. The example of the Tuscagee event, 9 where penicillin was denied to patients to study the natural course of the syphilis disease is deplorable.…”

Section: Examples Of Nocebo In Patient Contactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo, Nocebo and no treatment

Grisold¹,

Grisold²

2018

RMN

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The far-reaching meaning of placebo and nocebo are often undervalued or ignored in clinical practice. Presently the term placebo is either used: (1) in the context of randomized controlled trials, (2) to describe a sham treatment in various nuances, (3) to describe effects often attributed to healers.This diverges from "no treatment" which has entirely different implications. Even less accepted is the term nocebo, which literally means "will harm". As placebo this term can be ambiguous and can appear in many concealed ways. Research in the past years has been based on experiments and elaborated studies and on imaging studies. This both placebo and nocebo also have an empirical and scientific background. Also, ethical aspects concern placebo and nocebo issues, in particular in regard to changing relations of the physician-patient relationship, which affects both terms. Based on this knowledge, increasingly physicians and patients are aware of these phenomena, and it will be important to raise awareness not only in physicians, but also the health care personal involved in the treatment of patients.

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“…The term 'bioethics' was coined in 1970 by an American biochemist Van Rensselaer Potter and the field continues to remain as a fundamental platform for developing new strategies and interventions to regulate ethics in biological and medical research. The birth of bioethics also finds its root in Nuremberg trials (1945)(1946)(1947)(1948)(1949) of Nazi doctors, who conducted heinous, immoral, distressing and miserable medical experiments during the World War II [1][2]; followed by unethical Tuskegee syphilis research [3][4], Sweden's forced sterilization [5][6] and so on. It was the 'Declaration of Helsinki (DoH)' [7][8] and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences-CIOMS [8][9][10] that shaped the major aspects of ethics with logical, thoughtful, humane decisions, moral justifications, law enforcements, awareness, strict adherence and strong endorsements of the principles of bioethics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioethical Concerns of CRISPR: a Genome Editing Technology

Bhan¹,

Sasikumar²,

Goja³

et al. 2017

Global Bioethics Enquiry Journal

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A recent and major scientific achievement in the field of biotechnology is the discovery of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPR has become one of the most modern and popular tools, mainly due to its low cost and efficiency, which could be used to edit the genome. As a result, this technology holds key to almost every dimension of biomedical and agricultural sciences, and has potential applications in the treatment of viral infections, hemophilia, cancer and inherited genetic anomalies. However, ethical issues could crop up when this technology for editing genes could be unfairly used to improve biological features, solely for the purpose of aesthetics or to gain advantage over others in the population. This would not only lead to societal discrimination and unrest, but also have the potential to change the course of evolution in living beings. In this regard, regulated implementation of the CRISPR technology, risk assessment, policies and procedures should be in place to prevent gross misuse of this technology.

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Syphilis and Human Experimentation From World War II to the Present: A Historical Perspective and Reflections on Ethics

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

La importancia de la investigación científica en medicina

La importancia de la investigación científica en medicina

Placebo, Nocebo and no treatment

Bioethical Concerns of CRISPR: a Genome Editing Technology

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