Synthetic pyrethroids ? a new class of insecticide

Elliott, M.; Janes, Norman F.

doi:10.1039/cs9780700473

Cited by 303 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…1) In 1977, cypermethrin was allowed for turnover as a very active synthetic pyrethrin insecticide, effective in the control of many pest species in agriculture, animal breeding and the household. 2,3) After household treatments, it persists in air and on walls and furniture for about three months. 4) In spite of the low toxicity of pyretroids, persistence of these compounds in mammalian tissues may be dangerous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pyrethroid Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical and Histological Alterations in Rat Liver

Yavaşoğlu

Sayim

Uyanıkgil

et al. 2006

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, has broadspectrum use in agriculture, domestic and veterinary applications due to its high bioefficacy, enhanced stability and considerably low mammalian toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the cypermetrin-induced alterations in the liver tissue of Wistar male rats, based on the histopatological, enzymological analyses and apoptotic changes. The animals of the experimental groups were orally fed with laboratory chow combined 60, 150, and 300 mg/kg Kral 250 EC during 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, no significant change was found in relative liver weights, liver total proteins and cholinesterase enzyme activities of cypermethrin treated rats, when compared with control animals. Histopathological changes such as vacuolar degeneration, enlargement of the sinusoids, degeneration in hepatic cords and hepatocytes, vacuole formations in hepatocytes, pleomorphism in nucleus, and congestion were observed in liver tissues of only 150 and 300 mg/kg cypermethrin treated rats. Mononuclear cell infiltration and an increase in the Kupffer cells in liver parenchymatous tissue were also determined. In all cypermethrin treated groups, the apoptotic index in livers of rats was significantly increased compared to control group (p < 0.001). These results suggest that cypermethrin might cause hazardous effects in different levels to non-target organisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pyrethroid Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical and Histological Alterations in Rat Liver

Yavaşoğlu

Sayim

Uyanıkgil

et al. 2006

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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“…1) Pyrethroids are modified derivates of pyrethrins, natural substances obtained from the flowers of Pyrethrum species. 2,3) At present, they have broad-spectrum use in agriculture, domestic and veterinary applications due to their high bioefficacy, enhanced stability, and comparatively low mammalian toxicity. [4][5][6] Pyrethroid insecticides have been divided into types I and II based on behavioral profiles of toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic Effects of Cypermethrin in Wistar Rats: a Haematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Study

Sayim

Yavaşoğlu

Uyanıkgil

et al. 2005

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid that belongs to a group of insecticides with low mammalian toxicity but high insecticidal activity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate subacute toxicity of orally administered cypermethrin in rats based on the haematological, enzymological, and histological brain examination. The study was conducted on 8-week old male Wistar rats and Kral 250 EC (250 g of cypermethrin/l) was orally administered (60, 150, and 300 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive day. Thus, the investigation covered four groups of animals: three experimental groups and one control group, of 20 rats each. Our results demonstrated that experimental groups receiving both 150 and 300 mg/kg cypermethrin treatment led to significant dose-dependent decrease in some haematological parameters [red blood cell (RBC) counts, haematocrite (Ht), thrombocyte, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values] at the end of the experiment. When compared with control animals, there were significant increases between initial body weights and final body weights of cypermethrin treated rats, but there was a significant decrease in brain/body weight ratio of the animals of all treated groups. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference between control group and all experimental groups for brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and blood cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activities, although brain AChE activities were increased in rats treated with a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg cypermethrin. Histologically, some deformation areas due to ischemia and pyknosis of the cytoplasm of the neurons were observed in brain tissues of rats treated with all doses of cypermethrin.

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“…Although the naturally occurring compounds are quite insecticidal in the natural form, they possess virtually no residual activity in the environment. A broader spectrum of activity against a large array of arthropod species and improved photostability were further developed by synthesizing analogs with aromatic rings and halogens (Elliot et al 1973, Elliot andJanes 1978;Elliot 1980). Indeed, many synthetic bioactive compounds on the market today were designed after naturally occurring compounds.…”

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Comparison of the Insecticidal Characteristics of Commercially Available Plant Essential Oils AgainstAedes aegyptiandAnopheles gambiae(Diptera: Culicidae)

et al. 2015

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Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae are two mosquito species that represent significant threats to global public health as vectors of Dengue virus and malaria parasites, respectively. Although mosquito populations have been effectively controlled through the use of synthetic insecticides, the emergence of widespread insecticide-resistance in wild mosquito populations is a strong motivation to explore new insecticidal chemistries. For these studies, Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae were treated with commercially available plant essential oils via topical application. The relative toxicity of each essential oil was determined, as measured by the 24-h LD50 and percentage knockdown at 1 h, as compared with a variety of synthetic pyrethroids. For Ae. aegypti, the most toxic essential oil (patchouli oil) was ∼1,700-times less toxic than the least toxic synthetic pyrethroid, bifenthrin. For An. gambiae, the most toxic essential oil (patchouli oil) was ∼685-times less toxic than the least toxic synthetic pyrethroid. A wide variety of toxicities were observed among the essential oils screened. Also, plant essential oils were analyzed via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify the major components in each of the samples screened in this study. While the toxicities of these plant essential oils were demonstrated to be lower than those of the synthetic pyrethroids tested, the large amount of GC/MS data and bioactivity data for each essential oil presented in this study will serve as a valuable resource for future studies exploring the insecticidal quality of plant essential oils. KeywordsAedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, plant essential oil, synthetic pyrethroid, terpene RightsThis article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific permission of the Entomological Society of America. ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae are two mosquito species that represent significant threats to global public health as vectors of Dengue virus and malaria parasites, respectively. Although mosquito populations have been effectively controlled through the use of synthetic insecticides, the emergence of widespread insecticide-resistance in wild mosquito populations is a strong motivation to explore new insecticidal chemistries. For these studies, Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae were treated with commercially available plant essential oils via topical application. The relative toxicity of each essential oil was determined, as measured by the 24-h LD 50 and percentage knockdown at 1 h, as compared with a variety of synthetic pyrethroids. For Ae. aegypti, the most toxic essential oil (patchouli oil) was $1,700-times less toxic than the least toxic synthetic pyrethroid, bifenthrin. For An. gambiae, the most toxic essential oil (patchouli oil) was $685-times less toxic than the least toxic synthetic pyrethroid. A wide variety of toxicities were observed among the essential oils screened. Also, plant essential oils were ...

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Synthetic pyrethroids ? a new class of insecticide

Cited by 303 publications

References 1 publication

The Pyrethroid Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical and Histological Alterations in Rat Liver

The Pyrethroid Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical and Histological Alterations in Rat Liver

Neurotoxic Effects of Cypermethrin in Wistar Rats: a Haematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Study

Comparison of the Insecticidal Characteristics of Commercially Available Plant Essential Oils AgainstAedes aegyptiandAnopheles gambiae(Diptera: Culicidae)

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