Synthesis of mesoporous sulfonated carbon from chicken bones to boost rapid conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and carbohydrates to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

Critical Review on the Synthesis of Levulinate Esters from Biomass-Based Feedstocks and Their Application

“…Sulfonated carbon materials have the advantages of low cost, strong acidity, good thermal stability, easy separation and recycling, and environmental friendliness . Thombal et al .…”

“…The huge consumption of traditional fossil fuels has led to serious environmental pollution problems and carbon emissions. , Biomass as the only renewable organic carbon resource has attracted more and more attention to replace traditional fossil resources. , Biomass consisting of lignocellulose has been converted to various renewable chemicals and fuels such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), , furfural, , levulinic acid (LA), , 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF), − levulinate esters (LEs), , and so on . The major components of lignocellulose are often composed of C5 carbohydrates and C6 carbohydrates at the same time, which are difficult to separate and directly convert to the identical value-added chemicals in high selectivity.…”

One-pot reductive etherification of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-bis(isopropoxymethyl)furan over a sulfonic acid-functionalized zirconium-based coordination catalyst

“…1–3 Among many types of biofuels, furanic ethers, including monoethers and diethers, which are commonly synthesized from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 4–8 are particularly captivating. For a long time, considerable research priorities and emphases have been mainly concentrated on 5-(alkoxymethyl)furfurals (AMFs), 9–12 which belong to the class of furanic monoethers, because they not only possess similar energy density to commercial diesel, but also can be blended into commercial diesel at up to 40 vol% without any negative impact on engines. 13–15 However, it is necessary to point out that AMFs are not very stable due to their reactive aldehyde groups.…”

Highly effective synthesis of biomass-derived furanic diethers over a sulfonated zirconium–carbon coordination catalyst in alcohol systems

“…As is well-known, biomass is the most abundant renewable carbon resource in nature, [1][2][3][4][5] and converting it to high-quality liquid biofuels is a very crucial approach to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. 6 Among various liquid biofuels, furan-based ethers, particularly originating from the platform compound 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), [7][8][9][10][11][12] are highly conspicuous owing to their outstanding physico-chemical properties, such as large energy density, high cetane number, excellent water insolubility and preeminent combustion performance. [13][14][15][16][17] In the past decade, the research emphases were prevailingly focused on 5-(alkoxymethyl)furfurals (AMFs), [18][19][20][21][22] which are subordinated to furan-based monoethers.…”