Synthesis of C₁₅ and C₁₀ fuel precursors with cyclopentanone and furfural derived from hemicellulose

Abstract

C15 and C10 fuel precursors were developed using cyclopentanone and furfural derived from hemicellulose.

Using Mg‐Al Mixed Oxide and Reconstructed Hydrotalcite as Basic Catalysts for Aldol Condensation of Furfural and Cyclohexanone

“…Wang et al [21] performed aldol condensation of cyclopentanone and furfural over solid acid catalysts (ion-exchange resins and zeolites) under solvent-free conditions. Wang et al [21] performed aldol condensation of cyclopentanone and furfural over solid acid catalysts (ion-exchange resins and zeolites) under solvent-free conditions.…”

“…[12][13][14] Nonetheless,t he resulting linear hydrocarbons would not be suitable for aviation fuels owing to their low volumetric energy density and high pour point. [9][10][11][15][16][17] In contrast, the selective depolymerization of lignin results in av ariety of phenolic and aromatic molecules whosecyclic structure can provide the necessary characteristics of potentiala viation fuels produced from biomass.T oa rrive at aviation fuel components, lignin-derivedc ompounds should be processed by one of the following strategies:1 )aldol condensation of short-chain aldehydes with (substituted) cyclic ketones [18][19][20][21] obtained by partial hydrogenation of phenolics from lignin [22,23] or furanics [24][25][26] ,o r2 )self-condensation of cyclic ketones, [27][28][29][30] or 3) alkylation of lignin-derived aromatics by short chain alcohols. [31,32] Furthermore, some biomass-derived compounds,s uch as terpenes, have cyclic aliphatic rings and can be directly used as high-density biofuel additives.…”

“…Accordingly,c atalysts which could compete with NaOH in catalyzing aldol condensation of furfural and cyclic ketones and thus favor the sustainabilityo ft he process have been soughti ntensively.R ecent studies evidence that aldol condensation of furfural and cyclic ketones can be successfully performed in presence of heterogeneous catalysts as well. Wang et al [21] performed aldol condensation of cyclopentanone and furfural over solid acid catalysts (ion-exchange resins and zeolites) under solvent-free conditions. Among investigated catalysts, Nafion exhibited the best performance.…”

Synthesis of Diesel and Jet Fuel Range Cycloalkanes with Cyclopentanone and Furfural

“…High density fuels were prepared by self aldol condensation of cyclopentanone and hydrodeoxygenation [39][40][41][42]. In some studies, diesel and jet fuel range cycloalkanes were produced by the aldol condensation of furfural and cyclopentanone [43][44][45][46], followed by HDO. Nevertheless, the aldol condensation products obtained in these reports (i.e., 2-(2-furylmethylidene)-cyclopentanone and/or 2,5-bis(2-furylmethylidene)-cyclopeantanone) are solid at room temperature.…”

Enhancement of furfural–cyclopentanone aldol condensation using binary water–ethanol mixtures as solvent

“…14 In spite of the well-known disadvantages of using homogeneous catalysts, 15 and the wide use of solid base catalysts for these reactions 7,16,17 there are few works dealing with the heterogeneously catalyzed cyclopentanone-furfural condensation. 18 In our previous work, preliminary results using Mg-Zr mixed oxide as catalyst were reported, combining mild conditions (303-323 K) and aqueous media. 12 A complete conversion of furfural, with more than 68% of CPO conversion, was observed after 4 h reaction in a batch reactor.…”