Synthesis of a green high density deep eutectic solvent and its application in microextraction of seven widely used pesticides from honey

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…Currently, studies on the synthesis and application of HDESs for the extraction of a great variety of analytes from food matrices have expanded rapidly, which has led to an increase in the number of articles published in recent years. As can be seen in Table 2, several HDESs have been used for the extraction of both organic (phthalic acid esters [18,96,99], dyes [97,104,110,117], PAHs [17,85], sterols [98], pesticides [100,105,112,122,124,126,127], herbicides [102], insecticides [125], preservatives [101], pigments [86], antibiotics [87,103,108,114], fluorescent whitening agents [106], vitamins [107], mycotoxins [16], bisphenols [115], perfluoroalkyl substances [120] and terpenes [121]) and inorganic compounds (Co, Cd, Ni, As, V and Pb [109,111,113,116,118,119,123]) from aqueous phases (water [96,113,118,124], soft drinks…”

“…It is important to mention that, due to the complexity of some of the studied matrixes, different previous treatments have been needed in most cases. In this way, water [96,113,118,124], infusions [18,86,124], and soft drinks [18,85,86,96,110] were analysed without additional treatment or after degasification or filtration, while others such as honey [105] or fruit juices [16,86] were analysed after dilution with water and, in some cases, filtration. Likewise, procedures such as lyophilization or a previous extraction with an organic solvent (e.g., n-hexane, ACN, MeOH or acetone) were very useful in the treatment of egg yolk, olive oil, chili sauce, honey and some fruit juices, although it may be contradictory with the development of green sample preparation procedures using DESs.…”

“…Nowadays, the above-mentioned low solubility of HDESs in aqueous samples has allowed their large application as extraction solvents in microextraction methods, complying with the principles of GAC. Among the different variants of the LPME, DLLME constitutes once more one of the preferred options for the application of HDES for the analysis of samples of diverse nature, including water [96], soft drinks [85,110], infusions [124], honey [105], dried fruits [119], flour [107], fruit juices [124] and egg yolk [125]. In this sense, it is important to highlight that in certain cases, no additional solvents have been necessary to obtain a good dispersion of the HDES into the sample [18,86,[96][97][98]110].…”

“…Regarding the final determination of the analytes, different separation and detection techniques have been applied, being LC, both HPLC [17,18,86,87,[96][97][98][99]101,103,104,107,110,112,114,124,125] and UHPLC [115,120], the most extensively used, although some applications of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [108] and GC [85,100,102,105,121,122,126,127] can also be found mainly for non-ionic HDESs, which are characterized by a higher volatility. These separation techniques have been coupled to different detection systems, including UV [18,87,96,97,99,103,107,110,112,124,125], DAD [86,104,114], variable wavelength detectors [98], FD [17,101], MS …”

A semi‐automatic solid phase extraction system based on MIL‐101(Cr) foam‐filled syringe for detection of triazines in vegetable oils

“…Therefore, for analyzing the oil sample matrix, additional steps aiming at clearing the presence of fat in the pretreatment process need to be added. In most cases, as the cleanup step, low-temperature fat precipitation (LTFP) [7], LLE [8], or a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe)-based extraction method [9] was employed to remove fat. Compared to other common methods, SPE exhibits clear advantages of a lower organic solvent consumption, simplicity, and higher enrichment factor [10].…”