Synthesis, Anion‐Binding Properties, and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin Analogues

Sessler, Jonathan L.; Eller, Leah R.; Cho, Won‐Seob; Nicolaou, Sergios; Aguilar, Apolonio; Lee, Jeong Tae; Lynch, Vincent M.; Magda, Darren

doi:10.1002/anie.200501740

Cited by 211 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Indeed, prodigiosin, a tripyrrolic natural product with anticancer properties, represents one of the first described anionophores [10][11][12][13]. It has been reported that its biological activity is partly due to its ability to deacidify acidic compartments within cells, which may cause a drop in pHi, and therefore the onset of apoptosis in cancer cells [9,11,14]. Emulating that characteristic, different anionophores have been designed and evaluated [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic tambjamine analogues induce mitochondrial swelling and lysosomal dysfunction leading to autophagy blockade and necrotic cell death in lung cancer

Rodilla

Korrodi‐Gregório

Hernando

et al. 2017

Biochemical Pharmacology

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Current pharmacological treatments for lung cancer show very poor clinical outcomes, therefore, the development of novel anticancer agents with different mechanisms of action is urgently needed. Cancer cells have a reversed pH gradient compared to normal cells, which favors cancer progression by promoting proliferation, metabolic adaptation and evasion of apoptosis. In this regard, the use of ionophores to modulate intracellular pH appears as a promising new therapeutic strategy. Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence supporting ionophores as a novel antitumor drugs. Despite this, little is known about the implications of pH deregulation and homeostasis imbalance triggered by ionophores at the cellular level. In this work, we deeply analyze for the first time the anticancer effects of tambjamine analogues, a group of highly effective anion selective ionophores, at the cellular and molecular level. First, their effects on cell viability were determined in several lung cancer cell lines and patient-derived cancer stem cells, demonstrating their potent cytotoxic effects. Then, we have characterized the induced lysosomal deacidification, as well as, the massive cytoplasmic vacuolization observed after treatment with these compounds, which is consistent with mitochondrial swelling. Finally, the activation of several proteins involved in stress response, autophagy and apoptosis was also detected, although necrosis was the main mechanism of cell death induced.Altogether, these evidences suggest that tambjamine analogues provoke an imbalance in cellular ion homeostasis that triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal deacidification leading to a potent cytotoxic effect through necrosis in lung cancer cell lines and cancer stem cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic tambjamine analogues induce mitochondrial swelling and lysosomal dysfunction leading to autophagy blockade and necrotic cell death in lung cancer

Rodilla

Korrodi‐Gregório

Hernando

et al. 2017

Biochemical Pharmacology

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“…On the positive side, a few systems have been tested in whole cells, epithelia or (in one case) genetically modified mice 14 , using electrophysiological methods such as patch-clamp and Ussing chamber, and shown to induce anion conduction without obvious toxic effects. These anionophores include synthetic 3 peptides conceptually related to natural anion channels 11,[15][16][17] , as well as the steroid-based system 1 from the authors' laboratory 18 , and other small organic molecules 14,19,20 .Less encouragingly, a number of molecules showing anion transport in LUVs have tested positive for anti-cancer cytotoxicity (potentially valuable, but incompatible with CF treatment) 8,[21][22][23][24][25] . Many of these systems, including the well-studied prodigiosin 2 26 , transport protons as well as anions 8,[21][22][23] .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Less encouragingly, a number of molecules showing anion transport in LUVs have tested positive for anti-cancer cytotoxicity (potentially valuable, but incompatible with CF treatment) 8,[21][22][23][24][25] . Many of these systems, including the well-studied prodigiosin 2 26 , transport protons as well as anions 8,[21][22][23] .…”

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Efficient, non-toxic anion transport by synthetic carriers in cells and epithelia

Valkenier

Judd³

et al. 2015

Nature Chem

151

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The transport of anions across cell membranes has become an important goal for supramolecular chemistry [1][2][3][4] . It is well-known that cation carriers (cationophores) can serve as antibiotics and toxins 5,6 , and it seems likely that anion carriers might also show useful biological activity. However, suitable anionophores have only recently become available 7-10 , and the nature of their biological effects is still in question. A particular hope is that anionophores might be used to replace the activity of endogenous anion channels which are missing or defective 11,2 . Such deficiencies underlie a number of medical conditions including Best disease, Startle disease, Bartter's syndrome and, most notably, the widespread lifeshortening genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) 12,13 .If anionophores are to be used to treat these "channelopathies", it must be shown that they can be delivered to cells in sufficient quantities to produce substantial effects, of the same order of magnitude as endogenous anion channels, and that these quantities are not toxic to the cells. However, while a wide variety of anionophores have been studied in synthetic membranes (principally large unilamellar vesicles, or LUVs), the range of systems subjected to biological investigations is still quite limited. Moreover, from the point of view of CF treatment, the results thus far have been mixed. On the positive side, a few systems have been tested in whole cells, epithelia or (in one case) genetically modified mice 14 , using electrophysiological methods such as patch-clamp and Ussing chamber, and shown to induce anion conduction without obvious toxic effects. These anionophores include synthetic 3 peptides conceptually related to natural anion channels 11,[15][16][17] , as well as the steroid-based system 1 from the authors' laboratory 18 , and other small organic molecules 14,19,20 .Less encouragingly, a number of molecules showing anion transport in LUVs have tested positive for anti-cancer cytotoxicity (potentially valuable, but incompatible with CF treatment) 8,[21][22][23][24][25] . Many of these systems, including the well-studied prodigiosin 2 26 , transport protons as well as anions 8,[21][22][23] . Intracellular acidification can lead to apoptosis 26 , so in these cases proton transport could underlie toxicity. On the other hand, a recent study on calixpyrroles 3 suggested that anion transport as such could be cytotoxic 25 . As the transport activity of 3 was only weak, this raises the concern that powerful anionophores might be highly toxic and thus unsuitable for CF treatment. Thus far the only biological testing of these "1,5-diaxial" systems has been the early study on 1, referred to above 18 . The assay involved the application of 1 to the apical membrane of oriented Madin Darby canine kidney cell (MDCK) epithelia, mounted in an Ussing chamber, and measurement of the resulting electrical current caused by Cl − transport. The methodology is well-established, but not so convenient for screening large numbers of compounds.Mor...

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“…Prodigiosin appears to cause apoptosis of cancer cells selectively, 21 and the structural analogue obatoclax is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. 22 The origin of the biological activity has yet to be unambiguously established, although there is evidence that this class of compound facilitates the co-transport of HCl [23][24][25][26][27][28] and/or the anion exchange of chloride 29,30 across lipid bilayer membranes. Indeed, the antibiotic activity of prodigiosin-like molecules has been related to their activity as transmembrane Cl -carriers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Using small molecules to facilitate exchange of bicarbonate and chloride anions across liposomal membranes

et al. 2009

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Synthesis, Anion‐Binding Properties, and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin Analogues

Cited by 211 publications

References 23 publications

Synthetic tambjamine analogues induce mitochondrial swelling and lysosomal dysfunction leading to autophagy blockade and necrotic cell death in lung cancer

Synthetic tambjamine analogues induce mitochondrial swelling and lysosomal dysfunction leading to autophagy blockade and necrotic cell death in lung cancer

Efficient, non-toxic anion transport by synthetic carriers in cells and epithelia

Using small molecules to facilitate exchange of bicarbonate and chloride anions across liposomal membranes

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