“…Consequently, some catalytic agents such as nanoparticles have been used for the adsorption [21,22,23,24,25] and subsequent transformation of the asphaltenes [26,27,28,29,30,31]. This is due to nanoparticle properties, such as size, surface area, and surface energy density, among others, that favors the application to the HO and EHO reservoirs [13,20,21,25,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Some nanoparticles that have been used in steam gasification [25] are derived from transition element oxides, such as nanoparticles of Co 3 O 4 , NiO, Fe 3 O 4 [20].…”