Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene

Das, Santanu; Sudhagar, P.; Kang, Yong Soo; Choi, Wonbong

doi:10.1002/9781118980989.ch3

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…interlayer spacing is increased from about 3.34 Å to 5.62 Å after an hour of oxidation, and then further expanded to about 7.35 Å upon prolonged oxidation of 24 hours [5]. Upon ultrasonication in a DMF/water (9:1) (dimethyl formamide),…”

Section: Chemical Synthesismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…By controlling the process parameters, catalyst-free growth can be achieved [88]. RF plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been achieved using substrates such as Ti, SiO 2 , Si, Al 2 O 3 , Mo, Hf, Zr, Nb, Cr, W, Ta, and 304 stainless steel [5]. This method reduces energy consumption and prevents the formation of unwanted products or amorphous carbon [89].…”

Section: ) Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene is a two dimensional (2D) single layer structure of covalently bonded sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb network. It is a single-atom thick allotrope of carbon which serves as the basic structural unit for other carbon allotropic forms: 1) 0D fullerenes formed by wrapping up graphene sheet to form a sphere (Bucky ball), 2) 1D carbon nanotube (CNT) formed by rolling of a graphene sheet to form a cylindrical structure, and 3) 3D graphite formed by stacking several layers of individual graphene sheet held together by van der Waals bonds as shown in Figure 1 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2D hexagonal nanosheets of graphene as a building block of other forms. An illustration of different allotropes of carbon arising from a graphene sheet[5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schematic illustration of graphene oxide synthesis by chemical oxidation using Brodie's[5], Staudenmaier's[53], and Hummer's methods[54].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Review

Adetayo¹,

Runsewe²

2019

OJCM

144

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The field of nanotechnology has advanced following the discovery of a two-dimensional material of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms, graphene in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov. Graphene has received so much attention due to its exceptional electronic, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties in addition to its large surface area and single-atom thickness. This has led to the discovery of several techniques to obtain graphene such as chemical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), chemical synthesis etc. However, these techniques are majorly challenged with developing graphene with fewer defects and in large scale; thus, there is an increasing need to produce graphene in large quantities with high quality. Several studies have been carried out to find routes to producing high-quality graphene. This paper focuses majorly on the synthesis and fabrication methods of producing graphene and its derivative, graphene oxide. Characterization techniques to identify graphene such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) used to determine number of layers, quality, atomic structures, and defects in graphene is also briefly discussed. This article also covers a short description of graphene applications in transparent electrodes, composites and energy storage devices.

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Section: Chemical Synthesismentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: ) Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2D hexagonal nanosheets of graphene as a building block of other forms. An illustration of different allotropes of carbon arising from a graphene sheet[5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schematic illustration of graphene oxide synthesis by chemical oxidation using Brodie's[5], Staudenmaier's[53], and Hummer's methods[54].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Review

Adetayo¹,

Runsewe²

2019

OJCM

144

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Improvements of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Graphene as an Emerging and Efficient Transparent Conducting Electrode Material

Adetayo

Ahmed

Zakhidov

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have received wide attention and progress in impacting the electronics market. The progress of OLEDs in the market over their inorganic counterpart is principally due to their cost savings, flexibility, and excellent performance. As a result of the rising demands for next‐generation electronic devices with increased efficiency, high flexibility, reduced cost, and stretchability, there is a need for improvements of OLEDs. In order to fulfill these requirements, it is necessity to replace the transparent conductive electrode (TCE) with a better alternative. The conventionally used TCE, indium tin oxide (ITO), suffers from the scarcity of indium, increased cost, instability, and brittleness. Graphene is recognized as a suitable alternative to ITO because of its excellent properties including high optical transmittance, outstanding electrical conductivity, stability, and great mechanical flexibility. However, the performance of graphene as the TCE material in OLEDs is limited. Several efforts have been made to improve graphene's performance through electrode modifications. This review covers a summary of fabrication techniques for graphene‐based TCEs and their improvements. Finally, the application and performance of graphene‐based TCEs in OLED devices and the performance of such OLEDs are discussed.

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Understanding the chemistry of graphene oxide on redox flow lithium‐ion batteries with a view to enhancing the battery's high‐density storage

Onoh,

Nwanya,

Shinde

et al. 2023

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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The use of graphene oxide (GO) has shown potential in improving the performance of redox flow lithium‐ion batteries (RFLIBs). These types of batteries use a liquid electrolyte containing redox‐active species to store and release energy. Despite being scalable, RFLIBs face limitations, namely, low energy density of the electrolyte and reduced cycling stability of the electrodes. However, GO's unique properties, such as its high conductivity as well as large surface area, create an attractive option for enhancing the electrochemical properties of both the electrolyte and electrodes in RFLIBs. When used as an electrode, GO improves the kinetic reversibility reactions, leading to increased electrochemical activity towards redox couples. Charge transfer resistances of positive and negative reactions are reduced, leading to increased voltage energy and efficiency of lithium batteries in terms of energy usage. As redox flow batteries made of lithium ions are an established subsystem and a growing research and development field, there is potential to enhance their performance and reduce costs through the use of GO. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the chemistry of GO as it pertains to RFLIBs use, covering topics such as its surface chemistry, functionalization, and interactions with redox‐active species, as well as its potential for enhancing high‐density storage of electricity in batteries. Specifically, it will discuss the impact of GO on redox reactions in the electrolyte, including its ability to raise the redox‐active species concentration as well as enhance their stability. The review will also examine how GO impacts the electrodes, including its potential to increase their surface area and conductivity and promote cycling stability. Additionally, the review will address the importance of optimizing the quantity and distribution of GO in both the electrolyte and electrodes of RFLIBs.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene

Cited by 23 publications

References 167 publications

Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Review

Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Review

Improvements of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Graphene as an Emerging and Efficient Transparent Conducting Electrode Material

Understanding the chemistry of graphene oxide on redox flow lithium‐ion batteries with a view to enhancing the battery's high‐density storage

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