“…Typically, the thickness of the coating can be controlled by various parameters, such as the reaction time [156], the reaction composition, and the choice of metal precursor [157]. For instance, in the case of TiO 2 , the use of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) produced irregular coatings [154,158], while tetraethoxy orthotitanate (TEOT) [154] or tetrabutoxy orthotitanate (TBOT) [157,159] enabled a more uniform deposition. The sol-gel process was sometimes carried out under reflux [156], or with the aid of ultrasonication [160], microwave [161], or magnetic agitation [162], in order to enable faster and simultaneous nucleation resulting in a more homogeneous coating.…”