Among more than 20,000 marine natural products, 2% of them were discovered from deep-water marine organisms. 1,2 Deepwater organisms are expected to produce metabolites having unique structures with interesting bioactivities, such as cytotoxic, 3 anti-inflammatory, 4 anti-bacterial, 5 anti-malarial, 6 anti-viral, 7 anti-thrombotic, 8 anti-trypanosomal, 9 antineurodegenerative 10 and estrogen. 11 For example, tetracyclic compound halenaquinone exhibits extremely potent activity towards farnesyltransferases (IC 50 0.017-0.031 μM) and malaria (IC 50 0.53-0.62 μM) and meroterpene sulfate fascioquinols A and B displayed promising Gram-positive selective antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (IC 50 0.9-2.5 μM). 5 In 2014, Quinn et al isolated four new bromotyrosine derivatives aplysinellamides A−C (1−3) and aplysamine-1-Noxide (4) with ApoE modulation activity from the Australian marine sponge Aplysinella sp. and assigned their structures by extensive NMR experiments (Fig. 1). 12 The unique structure of them intrigues many chemists. We initiated the total synthesis of aplysinellamides in order to investigate the potential bioactivity of the derivatives. We now report the first efficient total syntheses of aplysinellamides A (1) and B (2) from the accessible starting material D-lysine (5) in seven steps.
Results and discussionOur initial retrosynthetic analysis of 1 and 2 is outlined in Scheme 1. We envisaged that the cinnamamide skeleton of 1 and 4 could be constructed through a coupling between amine 9 and the respective acids 11 and 16 (see Scheme 2). Amine 9, in turn, could be obtained from a cheap starting material D-lysine (5). Intermediates including methyl N α -Boc-D-lysinate 9 and the cinnamic acids 11 and 16 were synthesised according to reported literature procedures. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Accordingly, D-lysine (5) was reacted with ClCOOBn in the presence of CuSO 4 to form D-lys(Z)-OH 6 in 91% yield, followed by N-protection with (Boc) 2 O to afford acid 7 in 96% yield. 13 Acid 7 was alkylated with CH 3 I smoothly and gave methyl ester 8 in 85% yield. 14 Removal of the Cbz group from 8 by hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C in MeOH smoothly provided methyl N α -Boc-D-lysinate 9 in 90% yield. 13 Cinnamic acid 11 was prepared through a two-step sequence. Veratraldehyde was mono-brominated with Br 2 /AcOH to give 3-bromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 10 in 70% yield, which was subjected to Doebner-Knoevenagel condensation with malonic acid in the presence of pyridine and piperidine to afford cinnamic acid 11 in 92% yield. 15,16 Similarly, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was dibrominated to afford