Synergistic effect between histidine phosphate complex and hazelnut shell for flammability reduction of low-smoke emission epoxy resin

Sałasińska, Kamila; Celiński, Maciej; Mizera, Kamila; Kozikowski, Paweł; Leszczyński, Michał K.; Gajek, Agnieszka

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109292

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…LHP ( Figure 12) was synthesized accordingly to previously reported studies [34]. Initially, 78 g (0.5 mol) of L-histidine and 100 mL H 2 O were mixed in a 1000 mL beaker, equipped with a mechanical stirrer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

et al. 2021

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In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decomposition process of LHP was described in our previous paper [34]. It was established that the decomposition process proceeds according to one of at least two identified mechanisms.…”

Section: Fire Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

et al. 2021

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“…LHP acid (Figure 1) was synthesized according to the previously reported procedure [11,12]. The PVC dry blend was prepared using a low-speed mixer for 30 min with a rotor speed of 30 rpm and a chamber temperature of 90 • C [13].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The histidine may also undergo the inner cyclization process, forming a 2-amino-2,4-cyclopentadiene-1-one and imidazole [33]. Furthermore, phosphoric acid from dehydrates form either phosphorus pentoxide or polyphosphoric acid, which co-create the char structure in the case of the LHP series [11].…”

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Modified with Developed Fire Retardant System Based on Nanoclay and L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

et al. 2021

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The current work assessed the burning behavior of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) modified with a two-component composition, consisting of L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP) and nanoclay (n). The thermal and thermodynamical properties of the PVC-P containing from 10 to 30 wt% of the fire retardant system (FRS) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). In contrast, fire behavior and smoke emission were studied with a cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. The research was complemented by a microstructure analysis, using a scanning electron microscope, of the materials before and after burning CC tests. The effects were compared to those achieved for PVC-P, PVC-P with a commercially available fire retardant, the substrate used for the produced LHP, and the mixture of LHP and zinc borate, both of which contained the same share of nanoclay. Based on a notable improvement, especially in smoke suppression suggests that the n/LHP system may be a candidate fire retardant for decreasing the flammability of PVC-P.

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“…TGA is a small-scale facility in which a very small sample (a few millimetres and milligrams) under investigation is degraded in different atmospheres (usually in air and inert gas) at different heating rates usually between 2 and 20 • C/mins [54].…”

Section: Thermalgravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment

et al. 2021

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The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.

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Synergistic effect between histidine phosphate complex and hazelnut shell for flammability reduction of low-smoke emission epoxy resin

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Modified with Developed Fire Retardant System Based on Nanoclay and L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment

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