1999
DOI: 10.1086/314211
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Abstract: This article traces research on floral symmetry back to its beginnings. It brings together recent advances from different fields that converge in floral symmetry and new unpublished material on diversity and development of floral symmetry. During floral development, symmetry may change: monosymmetric flowers may have a polysymmetric early phase; polysymmetric flowers may have a monosymmetric or even asymmetric early phase; more than one symmetry change is also possible. In Lamiales s.l. (comprising the model p… Show more

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Cited by 290 publications
(304 citation statements)
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References 113 publications
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“…This reciprocal animal-plant relationship is well developed and widespread among zygomorphic plants and anthophilous insects, which live on flowers (Dilcher, 1979(Dilcher, , 2000Cubas, 2004;Busch and Zachgo, 2009;Specht and Bartlett, 2009). Paleontological and phylogenetic studies have shown that floral zygomorphy arose independently several times from actinomorphic ancestors and expanded to many large and successful angiosperm clades that have adaptive advantages attributed to an enhanced preference by specific insects; these clades include the Fabaceae, Lamiales, Asteraceae, and Orchidaceae (Donoghue et al, 1998;Endress, 1999;Dilcher, 2000;Cubas, 2004;Busch and Zachgo, 2009;Jabbour et al, 2009;Specht and Bartlett, 2009). However, it is still a key challenge to decipher the molecular bases for the independent events leading to establishment of zygomorphy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…This reciprocal animal-plant relationship is well developed and widespread among zygomorphic plants and anthophilous insects, which live on flowers (Dilcher, 1979(Dilcher, , 2000Cubas, 2004;Busch and Zachgo, 2009;Specht and Bartlett, 2009). Paleontological and phylogenetic studies have shown that floral zygomorphy arose independently several times from actinomorphic ancestors and expanded to many large and successful angiosperm clades that have adaptive advantages attributed to an enhanced preference by specific insects; these clades include the Fabaceae, Lamiales, Asteraceae, and Orchidaceae (Donoghue et al, 1998;Endress, 1999;Dilcher, 2000;Cubas, 2004;Busch and Zachgo, 2009;Jabbour et al, 2009;Specht and Bartlett, 2009). However, it is still a key challenge to decipher the molecular bases for the independent events leading to establishment of zygomorphy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Theoretically, a locally strong effect on cell proliferation and growth would drive the shift from the existing symmetry to an alternative one. In angiosperms, especially in the core eudicots, most zygomorphic flowers have an apomorphic feature of reduced or enlarged dorsal petals, in many cases with the abortion of the dorsal stamen (Donoghue et al, 1998;Endress, 1999). Therefore, regulatory genes determining floral dorsal identity would be potential candidates for the genes underlying the evolutionary origin of floral zygomorphy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An important aspect for divergent floral developments is the establishment of floral symmetries, where a few distinct basic forms could be distinguished (1,2): the monosymmetry (zygomorphy, with one symmetric plane), polysymmetry (actinomorphy, with several symmetric planes), and left-right asymmetry (with no symmetric plane). Among these, zygomorphy is considered the more specialized form and has been the most under investigation for its origin and underlying mechanisms.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…flower development ͉ dorsal ͉ ventral ͉ adaxial ͉ petal shape F loral asymmetry is thought to have evolved many times independently as a specialized mechanism for pollinator interaction (1)(2)(3). In a few cases, most notably in Antirrhinum majus, the molecular genetic basis of floral asymmetry has begun to be understood.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Flowers of wild-type Antirrhinum are zygomorphic, having a single plane of symmetry (bilateral symmetry), in contrast to actinomorphic flowers, which have multiple planes of symmetry (radial symmetry) (3). The zygomorphy of Antirrhinum flowers reflects morphological distinctions between the upper (dorsal) and lower (lateral and ventral) organs of whorls two and three.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%