Switched Beam Multi-Element Circular Array Antenna Schemes for 2D Single-Anchor Indoor Positioning Applications

Abstract

This research investigates four switched-beam multi-element circular array antenna schemes operating at 2.4-2.5 GHz for two-dimensional (2D) single-anchor indoor positioning applications. The realization of the proposed antenna schemes involved two evolutionary stages: rectangular microstrip antenna with dielectric superstrate (i.e., element) and multi-element circular array antenna with radio frequency (RF) switch network. The number of elements of circular array antennas was varied between 4, 5, 6, and 8 elements. Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm was used to determine the direction of incoming signal and Friis transmission equation to estimate the transmission distance. Simulations were carried out, and results showed that the rectangular microstrip antenna with dielectric superstrate (one single element) achieved impedance matching (|S11|<-10 dB) in the frequency range of 2.4-2.5 GHz, with unidirectional radiation pattern and 6.65 dBi antenna gain. In addition, four-, five-, six-, and eight-element circular array antenna prototypes were fabricated and experiments carried out in an indoor environment with two, three, and four incoming signals. The experimental results indicated that the eight-element circular array antenna could be deployed to reliably determine signal direction and distance, particularly for indoor localization with two incoming signals. The novelty of this work lies in the potential use of switched-beam multi-element circular array antenna schemes in place of conventional adaptive array antennas for 2D indoor localization. Compared with the conventional adaptive array antennas, the proposed multi-element circular array antenna schemes are relatively low-cost and easy to fabricate.

Ring slot CP antenna for the hybrid electromagnetic solar energy harvesting and IoT application

“…It gives the lowest DC output, the circuit is still sensitive and works optimally to obtain DC energy. In addition to energy harvesting, it is simultaneously integrated with wireless sensor circuits in IoT communication with empirical conditions of multi-signal applications [35], [36]. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the signal propagation process by analyzing the classification model with multi-sample antennas with circular polarization sensitivity to obtain information on the number of signals and direction of multi signals arrival based on theta angle on the antenna radiation multi-patch element in Figure 16.…”

Switched‐beam circular array with ultra‐wideband ridged horn elements

“…As far as the circular arrays are concerned, beam switching is accomplished by selectively exciting different elements of the array, and various types of antennas can serve as the array elements. For example, both rectangular patch antennas 6,7 and Yagi antennas 8–10 can be used in circular arrays, however, which suffer from narrowband characteristics. In addition, the switched‐beam array, 11 which is composed of 12 inverted‐F antennas, suffers from a poor port isolation.…”