Swimming behavior and energetics of sharks

Scharold, Jill V.

doi:10.1575/1912/5367

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(171 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This was further supported in the current study by some periods of powered swimming events (high TBF peaks, e.g. 2.73 Hz) observed in tagged blue sharks during descent phases, which aligns with previous reports of similar behaviour in blue and tiger sharks (Nakamura et al, 2011;Scharold, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…of the time). The TBF we recorded was similar to the mean value (0.34 ± 0.02 Hz) reported in one of the earliest investigations of blue shark swimming behaviour (Scharold, 1989). Moreover, the general observed pattern of diving depth oscillations with active swimming during ascents and passive gliding during descents, was consistent with a cost-effective swimming strategy recently reported for blue sharks (Watanabe et al, 2021), and other negatively buoyant sharks (Andrzejaczek et al, 2020;Cade et al, 2020;Gleiss, Jorgensen, et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Measuring deoxygenation effects on marine predators: A new animal‐attached archival tag recording in situ dissolved oxygen, temperature, fine‐scale movements and behaviour

da Costa,

Sims,

Loureiro

et al. 2024

Methods Ecol Evol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Global climate‐driven ocean warming has decreased dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (ocean deoxygenation) leading to expansions of hypoxic zones, which will affect the movements, behaviour, physiology and distributions of marine animals. However, the precise responses of animals to low DO remains poorly understood because movements and activity levels are seldom recorded alongside instantaneous DO in situ. We describe a new animal‐attached (dissolved oxygen measuring, DOME) archival tag with an optical oxygen sensor for recording DO, in addition to sensors for temperature and depth, a triaxial accelerometer for fine‐scale movements and activity, and a GPS for tag recovery. All sensors were integrated on a single electronic board. Calibration tests demonstrated small mean difference between DOME tag and factory‐calibrated DO sensors (mean relative error of 5%). No temporal drift occurred over a test period three times longer than the maximum deployment time. Deployments on four blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in the central North Atlantic Ocean showed regular vertical oscillations from the surface to a maximum of 404 m. Profiles from diving sharks recorded DO concentrations ranging from 217 to 272 μmol L−1, temperatures between 13°C and 23°C, and identified an oxygen maximum at ~45 m depth, all of which were consistent with ship‐based measurements. Interestingly, the percentage of time sharks spent burst swimming was greater in the top 85 m compared to deeper depths, potentially because of higher prey availability in the surface layer. The DOME tag described blue shark fine‐scale movements and activity levels in relation to accurately measured in situ DO and temperature, with the potential to offer new insights of animal performance in low oxygen environments. Development of a tag with physico‐chemical and movement sensors on a single electronic board is a first step towards satellite relay of these data over broader spatiotemporal scales (months over thousands of kilometres) to determine direct and indirect responses of marine animals to heatwave and deoxygenation events.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Measuring deoxygenation effects on marine predators: A new animal‐attached archival tag recording in situ dissolved oxygen, temperature, fine‐scale movements and behaviour

da Costa,

Sims,

Loureiro

et al. 2024

Methods Ecol Evol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Blue sharks make diurnal seasonal migrations into shallow water, possibly following the distribution and abundance of squid populations (Sciarotta and Nelson, 1977). Scharold (1989) found that their daily pattern of vertical migrations spanned depths up to 450 m. The deepest dives occurred during the day, and shallower dives at night. The pattern of diving (active downward swimming accompanied by steep gliding descents) led Scharold to conclude that these dives were for the purpose of feeding.…”

Section: Patterns Of Activity and Space Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although the sample size was small (n --17), it indicates a possible role of electroreception in the predatory behaviour of this species. Scharold (1989) noted that in lemon, blue and leopard sharks, no electrical signals could be detected from heart activity unless electrodes were placed directly in the pericardium. She suggested that the pericardium electrically insulates the heart, and prevents receipt of distracting signals by the shark's electroreceptors, thereby facilitating detection of bioelectric signals from prey.…”

Section: Electroreceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shift in diet may also be related to morphological differences in tooth shape: young sharks have narrow, grasping teeth suitable for impaling fish; older sharks have triangular, slicing teeth ideal for biting chunks out of large prey. Scharold (1989) suggested two divergent optimality strategies for mako and blue sharks, both continuously swimming, pelagic species. The mako shark swims at higher speeds, with a relatively large energy expenditure, and covers a wide geographic area in which it is more likely to encounter potential prey, thus maximizing energy intake.…”

Section: Species Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The behaviour of sharks

Bres

1993

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier

Nakamura¹,

Watanabe²,

Papastamatiou³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

115

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many pelagic fishes exhibit 'yo-yo' diving behavior, which may serve several possible functions, including energy conservation, prey searching and navigation. We deployed accelerometers and digital still cameras on 4 free-ranging tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier, to test whether their vertical movements are most consistent with energy conservation or prey searching. All sharks swam continuously, with frequent vertical movements through the water column at mean swimming speeds of 0.5 to 0.9 m s -1 . Tail-beating was continuous except for sporadic, powerless gliding during descents (from 0 to 18% of total descent time). At a given tailbeat frequency, swimming speeds were lower during ascent than descent (consistent with negative buoyancy). Burst swimming events, which might represent prey pursuits, were observed during all phases of vertical movements. Camera images showed a variety of potential prey and the possible capture of a unicornfish. Collectively, results suggest that yo-yo diving by tiger sharks is not primarily for energy conservation, but probably represents an effective search strategy for locating prey throughout the water column. 424: 237-246, 2011 shown by this species in pelagic environments (Holland et al. 1999). Furthermore, forward-facing video cameras do not permit a detailed analysis of swimming behavior. Fortunately, recently developed accelerometers allow very fine-scale measurement of animal body movements (Yoda et al. 2001). OPEN PEN ACCESS CCESSMar Ecol Prog SerVertical movements by pelagic fishes might also be primarily related to foraging. For example, Sims et al. (2008) showed that the frequency distribution of vertical movements by pelagic predators agrees with the theoretical optimum for locating patchily distributed prey. However, until recently, it has proven extremely difficult to empirically quantify foraging in pelagic fishes. Fortunately the development of animal-borne image recorders has provided useful new tools for obtaining visual information about foraging behaviors (Marshall 1998, Heithaus et al. 2001, 2002, Watanabe et al. 2003, 2004. The combination of animal-borne image recorders with accelerometers offers a promising new method for evaluating the possible relationship between vertical movements and foraging behavior.The tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier is a large (up to 5.5 m total length), wide-ranging obligate swimmer with a broad diet (Lowe et al. 1996, Holland et al. 1999, Meyer et al. 2009, and previous studies have revealed that this species exhibits yo-yo diving behavior (Holland et al. 1999, Heithaus et al. 2002. In the present study, we deployed accelerometers and digital still cameras on tiger sharks to quantify their fine-scale swimming behavior and to determine whether foraging occurred during vertical movements. Our goal was to ascertain whether yo-yo diving in tiger sharks most closely resembled theoretical energy-saving or effective prey search strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Deployment of instruments.Tiger sharks were captured using dem...

show abstract

Swimming behavior and energetics of sharks

Cited by 3 publications

References 75 publications

Measuring deoxygenation effects on marine predators: A new animal‐attached archival tag recording in situ dissolved oxygen, temperature, fine‐scale movements and behaviour

Measuring deoxygenation effects on marine predators: A new animal‐attached archival tag recording in situ dissolved oxygen, temperature, fine‐scale movements and behaviour

The behaviour of sharks

Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About