Swim Therapy Reduces Mechanical Allodynia and Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Chronic Constriction Nerve Injury in Rats

Shen, Jun; Fox, Lyle E.; Cheng, Jianguo

doi:10.1111/pme.12057

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Swimming provides positive results as a therapy for induced nerve injury in rats, reducing both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia (Shen et al, 2013). In addition, swimming reduces pain hypersensitivity in a number of experimental models, including formalin and nerve injury-induced animal models of persistent pain, decreasing nerve injury, induced cold allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia in rats, and decreased nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia in mice (Kuphal et al, 2007).…”

Section: Experimental Studies Of Neuropathic Pain and Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Relationships between Exercise, Sensory Nerves, and Neuropathic Pain

2016

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The utilization of physical activity as a therapeutic tool is rapidly growing in the medical community and the role exercise may offer in the alleviation of painful disease states is an emerging research area. The development of neuropathic pain is a complex mechanism, which clinicians and researchers are continually working to better understand. The limited therapies available for alleviation of these pain states are still focused on pain abatement and as opposed to treating underlying mechanisms. The continued research into exercise and pain may address these underlying mechanisms, but the mechanisms which exercise acts through are still poorly understood. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of how the peripheral nervous system responds to exercise, the relationship of inflammation and exercise, and experimental and clinical use of exercise to treat pain. Although pain is associated with many conditions, this review highlights pain associated with diabetes as well as experimental studies on nerve damages-associated pain. Because of the global effects of exercise across multiple organ systems, exercise intervention can address multiple problems across the entire nervous system through a single intervention. This is a double-edged sword however, as the global interactions of exercise also require in depth investigations to include and identify the many changes that can occur after physical activity. A continued investment into research is necessary to advance the adoption of physical activity as a beneficial remedy for neuropathic pain. The following highlights our current understanding of how exercise alters pain, the varied pain models used to explore exercise intervention, and the molecular pathways leading to the physiological and pathological changes following exercise intervention.

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Section: Experimental Studies Of Neuropathic Pain and Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Relationships between Exercise, Sensory Nerves, and Neuropathic Pain

2016

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“…However, forced exercise is highly stressful [30; 54; 70; 81; 104; 108], thus confounding the analgesic effects of exercise with the known analgesic effects of stress [115]. Similar to forced running, forced swimming effectively reduces persistent hypersensitivity [67; 139]; however, it too has long been considered a potent stressor producing opioid-dependent stress-induced analgesia [11; 21; 113; 147; 148]. Therefore, the opioid-dependent analgesic effects of forced exercise paradigms may be due at least in part to stress.…”

Section: Physical and Social Environment Affects Chronic Pain In Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of environment on the long-term consequences of chronic pain

Bushnell¹,

Case²,

Čeko³

et al. 2015

Pain

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Much evidence from pain patients and animal models shows that chronic pain does not exist in a vacuum, but has varied co-morbidities and far-reaching consequences. Patients with long-term pain often develop anxiety and depression and can manifest changes in cognitive functioning, particularly with working memory. Longitudinal studies in rodent models also show the development of anxiety-like behavior and cognitive changes weeks to months after an injury causing long-term pain. Brain imaging studies in pain patients and rodent models find that chronic pain is associated with anatomical and functional alterations in the brain. Nevertheless, studies in humans reveal that life-style choices, such as the practice of meditation or yoga, can reduce pain perception and have the opposite effect on the brain as does chronic pain. In rodent models, studies show that physical activity and a socially enriched environment reduce pain behavior and normalize brain function. Together, these studies suggest that the burden of chronic pain can be reduced by non-pharmacological interventions.

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“…16,17 Among the various exercise modalities (treadmill, voluntary wheel running and swimming) used for studying the physiological response to exercise in rat models, swimming has an advantage as it utilizes a natural ability of rats. 16 Several studies on animal models have reported benefits of swimming exercise on preventing tumor growth and progression, pregnancy-associated longterm memory impairment and neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury; [18][19][20] however, data on benefits of swimming on ED are scarce. A recent study on rats found that regular exercise may help in improving penile erection by increasing penile neurotransmitter activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of swimming activity on the copulatory behavior of sexually active male rats

Allouh

2014

Int J Impot Res

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Physical activity has long been associated with better sexual function. This study investigated the effects of moderate swimming exercise on the copulatory behavior of sexually potent male rats. Two sets of sexually potent male rats -highly active and moderately active- were identified depending on baseline sexual activity. Each of the two sets of rats was further randomly divided into two groups (swimming and sedentary). There were 16 rats in each of the four study groups (highly active swimming, highly active sedentary, moderately active swimming and moderately active sedentary). The copulatory behavior parameters and serum testosterone levels were measured and compared between the rats of the swimming and sedentary groups following a month long training period in which rats were made to swim for 1 h every alternate day. Swimming significantly improved the sexual performance of highly active rats, as indicated by increased intromission frequency and intromission ratio, compared with the sedentary controls. Swimming improved both sexual desire and performance, as indicated by reduced mount latency and increased intromission ratio, respectively, in swimming moderately active rats compared with the sedentary moderately active controls. Therefore, swimming activity improves the copulatory behavior of both highly active and moderately active male rats.

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Swim Therapy Reduces Mechanical Allodynia and Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Chronic Constriction Nerve Injury in Rats

Cited by 46 publications

References 72 publications

Emerging Relationships between Exercise, Sensory Nerves, and Neuropathic Pain

Emerging Relationships between Exercise, Sensory Nerves, and Neuropathic Pain

Effect of environment on the long-term consequences of chronic pain

Effects of swimming activity on the copulatory behavior of sexually active male rats

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