Sustainable Shipping: Levers of Change

Measuring Eco-Efficiency of the Global Shipping Sector Based on an Energy and Environmental Approach: A Dynamic Slack-Based Measure Non-Oriented Model

“…By analyzing the term "tax haven," this refers to just a country that allows corporations to pay little or no taxes, while a pure tax haven is a country that levies no taxes at all. For example, the Marshal Islands, due to a strong law that closely oversees the country's offshore jurisdiction and financial services, can be regarded as one of the most well-established pure tax havens globally [75][76][77]. Moreover, studies have shown that the use of tax havens poses not just a sociopolitical and economic dilemma but also an environmental one.…”

“…The results of the current study highlight the issue of tax evasion and its negative impact on eco-efficiency. Specifically, the eco-efficiency score in the countries of Panama, Singapore, Liberia, the Marshall Islands, and the Bahamas presents the lowest eco-efficiency performance score globally [75][76][77]. As we have mentioned in Section 4, these countries are among those that dominate the shipping sector.…”

A multi-criteria decision support framework for assessing seaport sustainability planning: the case of Piraeus

“…At national level, each member state has committed to developing and implementing a National Energy and Climate Plan, including specific pathways and targets towards sustainable development in line with the Union's targets. But, much like in the Paris Agreement, little attention is being paid to shipping or seaports, with most focus from a transportation perspective being on electric mobility (Papandreou, Koundouri, and Papadaki 2021). Apart from directives on alternative refuelling infrastructure, like 2014/94/EC with obligations for LNG supply and cold ironing, EU Regulation 2015/757 is the only recent one in force regarding shipping CO2 emissions, forcing shipping companies to monitor and report on energy consumption and CO2 emissions of their fleet.…”