Survival of viral pathogens in animal feed ingredients under transboundary shipping models

Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate survival of important viral pathogens of livestock in animal feed ingredients imported daily into the United States under simulated transboundary conditions. Eleven viruses were selected based on global significance and impact to the livestock industry, including Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), Influenza A Virus of Swine (IAV-S), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), Nipah Virus (NiV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV). Surrogate viruses with similar genetic and physical properties were used for 6 viruses. Surrogates belonged to the same virus families as target pathogens, and included Senecavirus A (SVA) for FMDV, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) for CSFV, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) for PRV, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) for NiV, Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) for SVDV and Feline Calicivirus (FCV) for VESV. For the remaining target viruses, actual pathogens were used. Virus survival was evaluated using Trans-Pacific or Trans-Atlantic transboundary models involving representative feed ingredients, transport times and environmental conditions, with samples tested by PCR, VI and/or swine bioassay. SVA (representing FMDV), FCV (representing VESV), BHV-1 (representing PRV), PRRSV, PSV (representing SVDV), ASFV and PCV2 maintained infectivity during transport, while BVDV (representing CSFV), VSV, CDV (representing NiV) and IAV-S did not. Notably, more viruses survived in conventional soybean meal, lysine hydrochloride, choline chloride, vitamin D and pork sausage casings. These results support published data on transboundary risk of PEDV in feed, demonstrate survival of certain viruses in specific feed ingredients (“high-risk combinations”) under conditions simulating transport between continents and provide further evidence that contaminated feed ingredients may represent a risk for transport of pathogens at domestic and global levels.

A bread‐based lyophilized C‐strain CSF virus vaccine as an oral vaccine in pigs

“…To what extent the specific composition of dog food creates a virucide environment for CSF virus has not been further elaborated in this study. In a recent study on the survival of pathogens in animal feeds, the pestivirus representative also could not be recovered from the wet or dry dog food used (Dee et al, ). The liquid absorption ability of plain sliced bread was ranked second from all the tested materials, and its ability to conserve the vaccine virus was superior to all other candidates.…”

Effective biosecurity to protect North American studs and clients from emerging infectious disease

“…Ideally, ingredients should not be sourced from countries containing diseases absent in the country of the boar stud's location. Transboundary model studies showed significant risk due to extended survival times of certain viruses in various feed ingredients [30,31]. Soybean meal, in particular, seemed to support extended survival times for many viruses of concern as modeled for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMDV), African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV), Vesicular Exanthema of Swine virus, Aujeszky's Disease, and PRRS.…”

Seneca Valley virus RNA detection in pig feed and feed ingredients in Brazil

“…Complete feed and/or feed ingredients have been identified as potential routes of transmission for different emerging and reemerging viral pathogens, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (Dee et al, , ). Additionally, SVV was shown to be a virus with a high degree of stability in different feed ingredients (Dee et al, ).…”

“…Complete feed and/or feed ingredients have been identified as potential routes of transmission for different emerging and reemerging viral pathogens, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (Dee et al, , ). Additionally, SVV was shown to be a virus with a high degree of stability in different feed ingredients (Dee et al, ). Based on the recent outbreaks of SVV‐associated vesicular disease in finishing and farrowing pigs, as well as the increased rates of diarrhea and sudden death in newborn piglets associated with the infection in late 2018 (Leme et al, ), concerns were raised regarding the level of pig food safety and the possibility of feed and feed supplies being related to the increase in the disease occurrence.…”