Survival in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung disease: Influence of low diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to chronic lung disease (Group 3 PH) have poor long-term outcomes. However, predictors of survival in Group 3 PH are not well described. METHODS: We performed a cohort study of Group 3 PH patients (n = 143; mean age 65 ± 12 years, 52% female) evaluated at the University of Minnesota. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to assess survival and predictors of mortality, respectively. The clinical characteristics and survival were compared in patients categorized by PH severity based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and lung disease etiology. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 1.4 years, there were 69 (48%) deaths. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 79%, 48%, and 31%. Age, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, Charlson comorbidity index, serum N-terminal pro‒brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatinine, diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), total lung capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction, right atrial and right ventricular enlargement on echocardiography, cardiac index, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were univariate predictors of survival. On multivariable analysis, DLCO was the only predictor of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for every 10% decrease in predicted value: 1.31 [95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.47]; p = 0.003). The 1-/5-year survival by tertiles of DLCO was 84%/56%, 82%/44%, and 63%/14% (p = 0.01), respectively. On receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, DLCO < 32% of predicted had the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting survival. The 1- and 5-year survival in patients with a DLCO ≥ 32% predicted was 84% and 60% vs 68% and 13% in patients with a DLCO < 32% predicted (adjusted HR: 2.5 [95% confidence interval 1.3 to 5.0]; p = 0.007). Lung volumes and DLCO were not related, but higher PVR was strongly associated with reduced DLCO. There was increased mortality in interstitial lung disease‒PH as compared with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease‒PH, but PH severity based on the WHO classification did not alter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Low DLCO is a predictor of mortality and should be used to risk-stratify Group 3 PH patients.

The prognostic value of DLCO and pulmonary blood flow in patients with pulmonary hypertension

“…23 Similar findings have been reported in patients with chronic lung disease and PH. 24–26 Suda et al. described a decreased DLCO to be associated with poor outcome in 91 medically treated CTEPH patients.…”

Pulmonary Hypertension: A Brief Guide for Clinicians

“…13,14 A cohort study in patients with PH-CLD reported 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of 79%, 48%, and 31%, respectively. 15 Patients with more severe lung disease and severe PH have a poor prognosis. 6 In an international CTEPH registry, 3-year survival was 90% in patients who underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) and 70% in those who did not.…”

Treatment of severe stable COPD: the multidimensional approach of treatable traits

“…It has been suggested that there is a pulmonary vascular phenotype of COPD patients. These patients have less severe airflow limitation, more severe hypoxaemia, very low diffusing capacity and cardiovascular exercise limitation [ 77 , 78 ]. It is recommended that COPD patients should be evaluated for PH when it has an impact on patient management, i.e.…”