Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Hernández-Martínez, Raquel; Navarro-Blasco, Í.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.08.016

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Other Spanish data show the mean values of arsenic contamination at 0.089 mg/kg for pure rice conventional products and at 0.168 mg/kg for organic products produced using organic farming methods [30]. Similarly higher results than in Poland were observed in other EU member states, mean LB was 0.1496 mg/kg and UB 0.1575 mg/kg [15].…”

Section: Arsenic Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 77%

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Mania¹,

Wojciechowska-Mazurek²,

Starska³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This paper presents results of heavy metals determination in infant foods available in Poland during a monitoring programme in 2009-13. This study investigated levels of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in infant formulae and other infant foods intended for consumption during the first 6 to 12 months of life, and an intake of heavy metals was assessed. Food consumption data based on the artificial feeding scheme of infants established by the Mother and Child Institute in Poland were taken into account to estimate dietary exposure. The reported levels of elements in infant foods are comparable with contamination of such products in other countries. The mean values for lead do not exceed 0.013 mg/kg (90 th percentile, 0.028 mg/kg). Lead levels in infant formulae (as sold, mainly powder) did not exceed 0.010 mg/kg, while mean contamination was 0.005 mg/kg. The highest mean cadmium level of 0.010 mg/kg was reported in vegetable meal (90 th percentile, 0.017 mg/kg); in infant formulae (undiluted) milk-based it was below 0.003 mg/kg, and for soya-based it was 0.009 mg/kg. Arsenic and mercury contents -highest in fish-based infant foods -did not exceed 0.18 mg/kg and 0.013 mg/kg, respectively. In rice products for infants arsenic did not exceed 0.14 mg/kg. The estimated mean lead exposure was from 0.09 μg/kg b.w. per day for 6-month-old infants to 0.53 μg/kg b.w. per day for 1-year-old children, which was approximately 17% and equal to the respective Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL 01 ) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) at 0.50 μg/kg b.w. per day. Mean exposure to cadmium ranges from 0.02 to 0.4 μg/kg b.w. per day, and for 12-month-old infants can slightly exceed the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) value established by EFSA. Dietary cadmium intake represents 2.5-47% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA). Intake of arsenic and mercury was below respective reference value. Calculated mean dietary exposure to arsenic for children under 1 year old was between 0.11 and 0.99 μg/kg b.w. per day (4-33% BMDL 0.5 value), and to methylmercury 0.01-0.08 μg/kg b.w. per day (7-41% of the TWI value for methylmercury).

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Section: Arsenic Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 77%

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Mania¹,

Wojciechowska-Mazurek²,

Starska³

et al. 2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…This finding may be explained, mainly due to the fact that the former group uses rice as the main component [9]. On the whole, within the same gluten-free cereal bar brand, the arsenic contents in the different formulations were relatively homogeneous, and even the extreme values did not exceed the levels normally found in the published literature (average arsenic content found in: gluten-free products produced in Italy was 23 µg/kg [10] or glutenfree infant cereal marketed in Spain: 75 -165 µg/kg [11,12]). …”

Section: Arsenicmentioning

confidence: 84%

Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina

Hidalgo¹,

Villafañe²,

Sgroppo³

et al. 2016

IJCD

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Celiac disease is a food intolerance triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals; the only therapy is a strict gluten-free diet for life. In recent years, gluten-free cereal bars has achieved considerable attention as an interesting alternative food considering its several advantages, such as functional properties, nutritional contents, variety of presentations and flavors. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of three toxic trace elements (arsenic, cadmium and lead) in commercial gluten-free cereal bars marketed in Argentina by ICP-MS and assess the dietary intake of the three toxic elements compared with reference values. The results obtained indicated that the highest total concentration of arsenic is provided by the gluten-free cereal bars with green apple pomace (28.2 µg/kg) and the levels of cadmium were lower than 10 µg/kg or even below MDL in all samples. The lead contents in all bars with honey samples were exceptionally higher than in the other samples (levels greater than 130 µg/kg). The intake of available gluten-free cereal bars are generally safe for consumers, but particular attention should be paid to monitor the content of arsenic and lead gluten-free cereal bars to ensure the quality of the product. Further studies are necessary to achieve an exact risk evaluation, concerning the bioavailability of trace elements in gluten-free food sources.

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“…6,7 Infants consuming both formula mixed with arsenic-containing water and rice cereal can have especially high exposures. Although we used the MCL as a point of comparison, it is based on chronic, adult-onset disease 11 and was not explicitly designed to protect infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal

Carignan

Punshon

Karagas

et al. 2016

Annals of Global Health

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BackgroundRice is known to be high in arsenic, including in infant rice cereal. Although arsenic in drinking water is currently regulated, there are currently no US regulations regarding arsenic concentrations in food.ObjectiveWe used published values to estimate arsenic exposure via rice cereal relative to breast milk or formula for 6- to 12-month-old infants in the general US population.ResultsWe found that arsenic exposure from 3 servings of rice cereal exceeded that of formula made with water containing arsenic at 10 mg/L, the US Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that rice cereal can markedly increase arsenic exposure among US infants relative to breast milk and formula.

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Survey of total mercury and arsenic content in infant cereals marketed in Spain and estimated dietary intake

Cited by 42 publications

References 59 publications

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Toxic Elements in Commercial Infant Food, Estimated Dietary Intake, and Risk Assessment in Poland

Toxic Trace Element Contents in Gluten-free Cereal Bars Marketed in Argentina

Potential Exposure to Arsenic from Infant Rice Cereal

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