Surveillance for Occupational Respiratory Diseases in Developing Countries

Abstract

The burden of chronic diseases, including occupational respiratory diseases (ORDs), is increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on these conditions are scarce in most countries. Therefore, it is important to conduct surveillance to monitor ORDs, particularly in developing countries, where the working population is especially vulnerable and the health system infrastructure is usually weak. This article provides a general framework for the implementation of ORD surveillance in developing countries. The main objectives of surveillance are to describe incidence and prevalence of ORDs, as well as to identify sentinel events and new associations between occupational exposures and health outcomes. Diseases with high morbidity and mortality and those in which early diagnosis with standardized tests are available are especially suitable for surveillance activities. Simple strategies, preferably using existing resources and technology, are the best option for surveillance in developing countries. This article offers examples of specific surveillance systems that are in place in Brazil, China, Cuba, India, and South Africa.

Secular trends in chronic respiratory diseases mortality in Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa: a comparative study across main BRICS countries from 1990 to 2019

“…Mine-related facilities are the primary source of airborne particulate matter and metals pollution, which would seriously affect the respiratory health of workers and surrounding residents [ 54 , 55 ]. So from 1973, many efforts have been made up, like the Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Diseases, the South Africa Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act, and the Mine Health and Safety Act[ 56 , 57 ]. Meanwhile, education and training for primary care nurses in South Africa would help them better cope with CRD and has been implemented in primary care clinics across South Africa [ 58 ].…”

Silicosis in Turkey: Is it an Endless Nightmare or is There Still Hope?

“…Although implementing effective surveillance and control programs can prevent silicosis, there are many obstacles in achieving this goal [35]. As seen in several instances, its hazard in a new occupational setting is usually neglected or underestimated, but it costs lives and only attracts public attention following a disaster as observed in the Hawk's Nest Disaster in the US [36] and the epidemics of silicosis among former sandblasters because of denim sandblasting in Turkey [37].…”

Asian Intensive Reader of Pneumoconiosis program: examination for certification during 2008–2020

“…The risk of exposure to harmful substances increases due to industrialization and the transfer of hazardous processes, such as asbestos processing and ship breaking to developing countries [2][3][4] . Early detection through health surveillance programs is crucial 5) . However, implementing such programs can be particularly challenging in developing countries due to limited resources, a lack of experienced physicians skilled in reading chest radiographs, and various obstacles, including a lack of awareness of pneumoconiosis, poor cooperation from industries, and a lack of policy environment.…”