“…VP dysfunction (VPD) is characterized as the inability to open and close this valve accurately and efficiently during speech. VPD can result from structural causes (e.g., insufficient palate length after palate repair surgery), neurological incompetence (e.g., dysarthria), and/or articulatory mislearning [2,3,4,5]. Children with VPD can develop compensatory articulation errors (e.g., glottal stop substitutions), nasal air emission, and hypernasal speech, which can place them at an increased risk for communication limitations and decreased social acceptance [6].…”