Surgical model-view-controller simulation software framework for local and collaborative applications

Abstract

Purpose Surgical simulations require haptic interactions and collaboration in a shared virtual environment. A software framework for decoupled surgical simulation based on a multi-controller and multi-viewer model-view-controller (MVC) pattern was developed and tested. Methods A software framework for multimodal virtual environments was designed, supporting both visual interactions and haptic feedback while providing developers with an integration tool for heterogeneous architectures maintaining high performance, simplicity of implementation, and straightforward extension. The framework uses decoupled simulation with updates of over 1,000 Hz for haptics and accommodates networked simulation with delays of over 1,000 ms without performance penalty. Results The simulation software framework was implemented and was used to support the design of virtual reality-based surgery simulation systems. The framework supports the high level of complexity of such applications and the fast response required for interaction with haptics. The efficacy of the framework was tested by implementation of a minimally invasive surgery simulator. Conclusion A decoupled simulation approach can be implemented as a framework to handle simultaneous processes of the system at the various frame rates each process requires. The framework was successfully used to develop collaborative virtual environments (VEs) involving geographically distributed users connected through a network, with the results comparable to VEs for local users.

Ten new complete mitochondrial genomes of pulmonates (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and their impact on phylogenetic relationships

“…However, early anatomists had recognized the similarity of the pallial gill of Siphonaria with that of cephalaspideans [24,25], suggesting that they could be homologous [1,26]. The pallial gill of Siphonaria was even sometimes referred to as a cephalaspidean gill [27]. Siphonaria and opisthobranchs share another important feature, i.e., the production of a milky white substance (polypropionate metabolites) when irritated [28], although defensive metabolites are also found in other pulmonates, such as Onchidium (Onchidiidae) and Trimusculus [29].…”

A surgical simulation system for predicting facial soft tissue deformation

“…However, their methods were not integrated into a surgical simulation system. Maciel et al [6] designed a system for surgical simulation. However, their attempts focused on the interactions between the user and the computer.…”

Description language for graph-based representation in surgical rehearsal

“…Main differentiations of our approach to represent the vascular topology and keep track on it from other approaches aforementioned [1], [2], [3] are (i) the acquisition manner of information needed for the surgical rehearsal system, (ii) definition of a surgical rehearsal description language based on XML, (iii) a representation of the vascular topology, and (iv) the detection of the topological changes of the vascular network.…”

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