Surgical Implications in the Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus – Review of the Literature

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus brings together several syndromes, all burdened by a high complexity and with the potential to generate vital impairment. The large number of complications result from the association of high blood glucose level with vascular damage, neuropathy, poor healing and overall increased atherosclerosis process. The clinical manifestation of these complications involves a wide range of manifestations from simple lesions to complexpathology, many of them requiring surgical treatment. Surgical implications of diabetes mellitus include diabetic foot syndrome, soft tissue infections, renal impairment and abdominal pathology.

Engineered Ultrasmall Nanoparticle Drug‐Immune Conjugates with “Hit and Run” Tumor Delivery to Eradicate Gastric Cancer

“…An optimal dose for efficacy studies was determined on the basis of the median lethal dose (or LD 50 ), or the dose at which 50% of animals experience mortality. [ 89 ] In addition, the dose of a drug required to elicit the desired pharmacological effect (i.e., 50% reduction of the maximum tumor volume loss) in 50% of animals, or median effective dose (ED 50 ), [ 90 ] was determined by fitting a sigmoidal mathematical function (Excel, Microsoft, Redmond, WA) to the dose‐response data (i.e., normalized tumor volume vs drug dose) 4 days after the final particle dose. Such functions were commonly used to model pharmacological dose‐response data.…”

“…Such functions were commonly used to model pharmacological dose‐response data. Based on the fitted sigmoidal function, the ED 50 was determined and the therapeutic index computed (i.e., the ratio of TD 50 to ED 50 ) [ 89 ] for these preclinical studies.…”