Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska

Haeussler, Peter J.; Schwartz, David P.; Dawson, Timothy E.; Stenner, H. D.; Lienkaemper, James J.; Sherrod, Brian L.; Cinti, F. R.; Montone, P.; Craw, Patricia; Crone, Anthony J.; Personius, Stephen F.

doi:10.1785/0120040626

Cited by 206 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In many case studies, such as the 1992 M w 7.3 Landers earthquake [Wald and Heaton, 1994] or the 2002 M w 7.9 Denali fault, Alaska earthquake [Haeussler et al, 2004], the surface rupture measurements are consistent with the subsurface slip distribution inferred from the inversion of seismic or geodetic data. In the case of the preinstrumental 1887 Sonora earthquake, the envelope formed by the largest surface offsets at nonconsecutive measuring points (Figure 6b) probably best represents the overall slip distribution at depth.…”

Section: Coseismic Surface Offsetmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…A more detailed inspection of the outcrop did not clarify this ambiguity; there is local fracture cleavage and tectonic breccia but very minor displacement and no observable slickenlines. Coseismic Riedel shear structures are typically related to strike-slip movement [Tchalenko and Ambraseys, 1970;Haeussler et al, 2004;Lin and Nishikawa, 2011]. If the observed secondary ruptures are R 1 Riedel shears, they indicate a component of left-lateral horizontal strike-slip motion within the rupture zone.…”

Section: 1002/2014jb011244mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Suter

2015

JGR Solid Earth

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During the 3 May 1887 M w 7.5 Sonora earthquake (surface rupture end-to-end length: 101.8 km), an array of three north-south striking Basin-and-Range Province faults (from north to south Pitáycachi, Teras, and Otates) slipped sequentially along the western margin of the Sierra Madre Occidental Plateau. This detailed field survey of the 1887 earthquake rupture zone along the Pitáycachi fault includes mapping the rupture scarp and measurements of surface deformation. The surface rupture has an endpoint-to-endpoint length of ≥41.0 km, dips~70°W, and is characterized by normal left-lateral extension. The maximum surface offset is 487 cm and the mean offset 260 cm. The rupture trace shows a complex pattern of second-order segmentation. However, this segmentation is not expressed in the 1887 along-rupture surface offset profile, which indicates that the secondary segments are linked at depth into a single coherent fault surface. The Pitáycachi surface rupture shows a well-developed bipolar branching pattern suggesting that the rupture originated in its central part, where the polarity of the rupture bifurcations changes. Most likely the rupture first propagated bilaterally along the Pitáycachi fault. The southern rupture front likely jumped across a step over to the Teras fault and from there across a major relay zone to the Otates fault. Branching probably resulted from the lateral propagation of the rupture after breaching the seismogenic part of the crust, given that the much shorter ruptures of the Otates and Teras segments did not develop branches.

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Section: Coseismic Surface Offsetmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: 1002/2014jb011244mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Suter

2015

JGR Solid Earth

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“…The obliquity of the rupture suggests that the slip on this fault should have been largely dextral. Fault segmentation of this sort has been mapped in previous events (e.g., Spotila and Sieh, 1995;Haeussler et al, 2004;Klinger et al, 2006;Klinger, 2010). Wesnousky (2006) observed that the maximum dimension of fault steps across which strike-slip earthquakes rupture is about 4 km; this limit was upheld by Elliott et al (2009).…”

Section: Character Of the Wenchuan Rupturementioning

confidence: 84%

Structural Setting of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake

Hubbard

Shaw

Klinger

2010

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

167

174

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International audienceThe 2008 M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured an imbricate thrust system in the Longmen Shan range, which forms the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. We use seismic reflection data and surface geology to construct geologic cross sections and a three-dimensional (3D) fault model in the range front. The rupture was complex, with slip on both the steeply dipping Beichuan fault and the more shallowly dipping Pengguan fault, which appear to merge at depth. In contrast, only the Beichuan fault ruptured in the north, with the transition near a lateral fault offset. Thus, the earthquake involved multiple thrust splays and breached a significant segment boundary. To investigate the tectonic setting of the earthquake, we extend our previous measurements of crustal shortening (Hubbard and Shaw, 2009) into the interior of the range and show that shortening correlates with topography. This suggests that upper-crustal shortening can produce the high topography of the Longmen Shan without calling on other uplift mechanisms. Based on this understanding, we model the thrust belt as a critical taper wedge, to assess what rock and fault strengths are required to explain the topographic slopes within the range front and basin. The low taper within the basin is consistent with a weak detachment (δ f ≈ 0:1), while a slightly stronger (δ f ≈ 0:3–0:4) detachment is necessary to explain the higher taper of the range front. This difference may relate to the localization of the detachment within a Triassic evaporite sequence within the basin, while the faults beneath the range front are rooted in Precambrian metasedimentary or igneous rocks. Critical taper theory implies that shortening in the range front where the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred is many times greater than in the basin, consistent with our shortening measurements. We examine the implications of these findings for seismic hazard assessment in the region and in other active mountain belts around the world

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“…Investigations of historical earthquakes show that surface rupture length and the average measured surface offset, along with a fault width derived from the average depth distribution of aftershocks or regional seismcity (thickness of seismogenic crust) provide estimates of magnitude comparable to the seismologic magnitude. In a recent example the magnitude of the 2002 Denali fault Alaska earthquake is calculated as Mw7.8 using surface fault observations, essentially the same as the seismologic magnitude of M7.9 (Haeussler et al, 2004). Trenching and scarp morphologic studies provide data on the amount of surface slip during individual paleoearthquakes.…”

Section: Petrogenetic Sequence Of Features Related To Cooling Of the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Report of the workshop on Extreme Ground Motions at Yucca Mountain, August 23-25, 2004

Hanks¹,

Abrahamson²,

Board³

et al. 2006

Open-File Report

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Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska

Cited by 206 publications

References 23 publications

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Structural Setting of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake

Report of the workshop on Extreme Ground Motions at Yucca Mountain, August 23-25, 2004

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Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 Earthquake, Alaska

Cited by 206 publications

References 23 publications

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887Mw7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887Mw7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Structural Setting of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake

Report of the workshop on Extreme Ground Motions at Yucca Mountain, August 23-25, 2004

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Product

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Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns

Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887M_w7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns