Surface roughness distribution map for Iraq using satellite data and GIS techniques

Abstract

This study shows the potential of using the satellite data techniques that are supported by the GIS and remote sensing (RS) approaches to produce the roughness map for the surface of Iraq and any area in a very efficient manner. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was generated using MODIS data acquired on 23 April 2015. Thirty-six points were used to build and verify the proposed model of surface roughness coefficient (n), which was correlated with NDVI layer according to the types of soil cover and land use to create the predicted distributed roughness map. The results revealed that there has been a great match between the proposed surface roughness map produced in this study with the topographical map of Iraq. The results presented also that the minimum and maximum values of surface roughness n were located in the far south and far north of about 0.029 and o.16, respectively, whereas the concentrated value of n was scattered and ranged from 0.035 to 0.16 in north, central, and south parts of the study area. The statistical analysis resulted mean, R, and COV values of 1.02, 0989, and 15.553% consecutively, which exposed the good accuracy and consistency of the predicted roughness map. Verification was conducted which revealed a good accuracy and consistency of the predicted roughness map.

Mountain Streambed Roughness and Flood Extent Estimation from Imagery Using the Segment Anything Model (SAM)

“…However, none of the methods we found used computer vision or machine learning to automate this process. There are only works that use satellite images to estimate coefficient n through LULC classification [22,23]. Usually, the last step in determining n is its optimization using available hydrological data which are, however, unavailable in the case of uncontrolled catchments.…”

Experimental assessment of combining geothermal with conventional air conditioner regarding energy consumption in summer and winter

“…This study was conducted in the climate of Baqubah city-Iraq. Iraq is located in the southwestern part of the continent Asia and the northeastern part of the Arab homeland between longitudes 38.45° to 48.45° E and latitudes 29.05° to 37.3° N [20][21][22]. Iraq's climate is characterized as variable from humid in the northern and northeastern region to very dry in the western and southern regions and some central regions as shown in figure (1).…”