Surface noise analysis using a single-ion sensor

Daniilidis, Nikos; Gerber, S.; Bolloten, G; Ramm, Michael; Ransford, Anthony; Ulin-Avila, Erick; Talukdar, Ishan; Häffner, Hartmut

doi:10.1103/physrevb.89.245435

Cited by 67 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This approach is compatible with recent development in surface treatment techniques for ion traps that are shown to substantially reduce anomalous heating, which may be necessary for high-fidelity operation of multi-qubit gates. 75,76 Photonic technology Integrated optical technology will be critical for a large-scale trapped ion quantum computer. Although efficient light collection and detector arrays will be necessary for the measurement of many trapped ion qubits through state-dependent fluorescence, it will be crucial for the single-photon linking of ELU modules as discussed above.…”

Section: Integration Technologies For Trapped Ion Quantum Computersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-designing a scalable quantum computer with trapped atomic ions

2016

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The first generation of quantum computers are on the horizon, fabricated from quantum hardware platforms that may soon be able to tackle certain tasks that cannot be performed or modelled with conventional computers. These quantum devices will not likely be universal or fully programmable, but special-purpose processors whose hardware will be tightly co-designed with particular target applications. Trapped atomic ions are a leading platform for first-generation quantum computers, but they are also fundamentally scalable to more powerful general purpose devices in future generations. This is because trapped ion qubits are atomic clock standards that can be made identical to a part in 10 15 , and their quantum circuit connectivity can be reconfigured through the use of external fields, without modifying the arrangement or architecture of the qubits themselves. In this forwardlooking overview, we show how a modular quantum computer with thousands or more qubits can be engineered from ion crystals, and how the linkage between ion trap qubits might be tailored to a variety of applications and quantum-computing protocols. Quantum information processors have the potential to perform computational tasks that are difficult or impossible using conventional modes of computing. 1-3 In a radical departure from classical information, the qubits of a quantum computer can simultaneously store bit values 0 and 1, and when measured they probabilistically assume definite states. Many interacting qubits, isolated from their environment, can represent huge amounts of information: there are exponentially many binary numbers that can co-exist, with entangled qubit correlations that can behave as invisible wires between the qubits. Even in the face of Moore's Law, or the doubling in conventional computer power every year or two, the complexity of massively entangled quantum states of just a few hundred qubits can easily eclipse the capacity of classical information processing. 4 There are but a few known applications that exploit this quantum advantage, such as Shor's factoring algorithm, 5 and future quantum information processors will likely be applied to special-purpose applications. On the other hand, a quantum computer has not yet been built; therefore, new quantum applications and algorithms will likely follow from the evolution and capability of quantum hardware.In the 20 years since the advent of Shor's algorithm 5 and the discovery of quantum error correction, 6-8 there has been remarkable progress in demonstrations of entangling quantum gates on o10 qubits in certain physical systems. Current efforts aim to scale to hundreds, thousands or even millions of interacting qubits. Unlike the classical scaling of bits and logic gates, however, large quantum systems are not comparable to the behaviour of just a few qubits. Just because 2 or 4 qubits can be completely controlled with negligible errors does not mean that this system can readily scale to 4100 qubits.In the last few years, two particular quantum hardware platforms have e...

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Section: Integration Technologies For Trapped Ion Quantum Computersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-designing a scalable quantum computer with trapped atomic ions

2016

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“…Johnson noise) [10,11]. This high heating rate is mostly associated with surface contamination and surface imperfections, as surface treatment is known to be able to reduce the heating rate significantly [12,13]. However, its mechanism is not fully understood, and thus this effect is referred to as anomalous heating; a recent review of experimental and theoretical studies of this phenomenon is given in [1].…”

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confidence: 99%

Measuring Anomalous Heating in a Planar Ion Trap with Variable Ion-Surface Separation

2018

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Cold ions trapped in the vicinity of conductive surfaces experience heating of their oscillatory motion. Typically, the rate of this heating is orders of magnitude larger than expected from electric field fluctuations due to thermal motion of electrons in the conductors. This effect, known as anomalous heating, is not fully understood. One of the open questions is the heating rate's dependence on the ion-electrode separation. We present a direct measurement of this dependence in an ion trap of simple planar geometry. The heating rates are determined by taking images of a single 172 Yb + ion's resonance fluorescence after a variable heating time and deducing the trapped ion's temperature from measuring its average oscillation amplitude. Assuming a power law for the heating rate vs. ion-surface separation dependence, an exponent of -3.79 ± 0.12 is measured.Electric field noise in close proximity to metal surfaces is an important issue in various fields of experimental physics, such as measuring weak forces in scanning probe microscopy [1,2] or for Casimir effect studies [3, 4], gravitational wave detection [5], and experiments on the gravitational properties of charged particles [6]. In experiments with cold trapped ions such noise results in excitation (also termed heating) of the ions' motional degrees of freedom [1]. In realizations of quantum information processing based on trapped ions, this heating can become a major source of decoherence [1,8,9].Experiments have shown that the observed heating rate is orders of magnitude greater than would be caused by thermal motion of electrons in the conductors (i.e. Johnson noise) [10,11]. This high heating rate is mostly associated with surface contamination and surface imperfections, as surface treatment is known to be able to reduce the heating rate significantly [12,13]. However, its mechanism is not fully understood, and thus this effect is referred to as anomalous heating; a recent review of experimental and theoretical studies of this phenomenon is given in [1]. A comparison of experiments, employing different types and sizes of ion traps, shows that the anomalous heating rate grows fast as the ion-electrode separation decreases [1]. Therefore, anomalous heating is particularly prominent for microfabricated planar ion traps [14], where this separation can be as small as tens of micrometers. Microfabricated traps are central for the realization of scalable quantum information processing with trapped ions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and, therefore, in addition to its fundamental interest, it is of particular importance to characterize and understand anomalous heating.Though electric field noise-induced heating of ion motion has been studied in many experimental and theoretical works over the last years [1], one of the still open questions regarding anomalous heating is its dependence on the ion-electrode separation. In addition to being of practical use for ion trap design, knowing this dependence can confirm or contradict various existing theoret...

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“…However, the predictions of available noise models are not in agreement with recent measurements [57]. Experimentally, argon-ion-beam cleaning of the trap surface in vacuum resulted in an astounding 100-fold reduction in the heating rate [58][59][60], suggesting that surface effects play a primary role.…”

Section: Mitigating Motional Decoherencementioning

confidence: 45%

“…These efforts complement work (described above) focused on altering the electrode composition in situ [58][59][60]. By bringing ions close to the surfaces of exotic materials, and fabricating traps from materials/technologies used for solid-state qubits, these investigations also make progress toward new interfaces between ions and condensed matter systems, a first step toward a new hybrid quantum system.…”

Section: Mitigating Motional Decoherencementioning

confidence: 98%

“…But why was motional heating exacerbated in the graphene-coated trap? Other investigations have raised suspicion that hydrocarbon molecules adsorbed onto the trap surface during the initial vacuum bake are important contributors to motional heating [58][59][60]. Perhaps hydrocarbon contamination, which is ubiquitous on graphene, contributed significantly [74].…”

Section: Ion Traps Coated With Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

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Technologies for trapped-ion quantum information systems

Eltony

Gangloff

Shi

et al. 2016

Quantum Inf Process

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Scaling up from prototype systems to dense arrays of ions on chip, or vast networks of ions connected by photonic channels, will require developing entirely new technologies that combine miniaturized ion trapping systems with devices to capture, transmit, and detect light, while refining how ions are confined and controlled. Building a cohesive ion system from such diverse parts involves many challenges, including navigating materials incompatibilities and undesired coupling between elements. Here, we review our recent efforts to create scalable ion systems incorporating unconventional materials such as graphene and indium tin oxide, integrating devices like optical fibers and mirrors, and exploring alternative ion loading and trapping techniques.

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Surface noise analysis using a single-ion sensor

Cited by 67 publications

References 40 publications

Co-designing a scalable quantum computer with trapped atomic ions

Co-designing a scalable quantum computer with trapped atomic ions

Measuring Anomalous Heating in a Planar Ion Trap with Variable Ion-Surface Separation

Technologies for trapped-ion quantum information systems

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