Surface Modification of Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide for Advanced Electrode Material in Rechargeable Sodium Batteries

Abstract

The use of redox-active organic materials in rechargeable batteries has the potential to improve the field of energy storage by enabling lightweight and flexible green batteries. In addition, replacing lithium with sodium further mitigates the resource limitations and high cost of lithium for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were cross-linked by covalently bonded azo compounds to facilitate sodium-ion insertion and increase charge storage capacity. In the processes, diamine functional groups of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) were converted into diazonium salts (DSs), followed by an electrophilic aromatic substitution between the DSs and GO nanosheets to synthesize azobenzene partially reduced graphene oxide compounds (AB-PRGO) for sodium-ion storage. The as-synthesized AB-PRGO is characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AB-PRGO was used as a new cathode material in half-cell Na-ion batteries (SIBs). The results revealed that within a given potential window (0.01−3.0 V), the AB-PRGO-based SIB exhibits good cyclic stability, a high specific capacity, and good rate capability while obtaining a specific capacity of 160 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 and preserved the capacity for 50 cycles. This work provides an effective route for developing improved organic electrode materials for SIBs.

Selective Reduction of Multivariate Metal–Organic Frameworks for Advanced Electrocatalytic Cathodes in High Areal Capacity and Long-Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

“…CV tests were also collected at various scan rates from 0.1 to 0.5 mV s –1 to further evaluate the diffusion characteristics of Li + ions (Figure c,d). The peak current data were analyzed using the Randles–Sevick eq to determine the contribution of S@CoNiFe 3 O 4 /PC and S@CoNi/PC to the redox kinetics of the cell, and the results are shown in Figure e,f. , I p = 0.4463 n F A C ( n F ν D / R T ) 1 / 2 where i p is the peak current (mA), ν represents the rated scan speed (mV s –1 ) employed in the CV test, T is the absolute temperature (298.0 K), R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J mol –1 K –1 ), and D is the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient (cm 2 s –1 ). F , n , A , and C represent the Faraday constant (96485 C mol –1 ), number of electron transfer (2 for LSBs), electrode surface area (2.54 cm 2 ), and lithium-ion concentration parameters (mol cm –3 ), respectively.…”

Structural, morphological, electrical, and dielectric properties of Na2Cu5(Si2O7)2 for ASSIBs

“…27 The aggregate resistance, denoted as R dc , is derived by adding the individual grain and grain boundary resistances (R g + R gb ). The direct current conductivity, denoted as s dc , is computed using the eqn (5).…”

“…These features collectively contribute to a reduction in the overall cost of SIBs. [4][5][6] Over the last decade, substantial endeavors have been dedicated to the advancement of electrode materials designed for the storage of sodium ions. This includes the innovation of novel anode materials like hard carbon, phosphides, and intermetallic compounds, as well as cathode materials such as sodium layered oxides, and sodium layered sulfates.…”

High Sodium Ion Storage by Multifunctional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sustainable Sodium Batteries

“…As such, COFs are uniquely suited to advance new battery technologies beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to mitigate the increasing demand for sustainable batteries. LIBs are extensively used as a power supply for electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage systems because of their matured technology. − However, the cost of lithium and its uneven geographical distribution makes it vital to consider more sustainable alternatives to meet market demands. , Therefore, cost-effective battery technologies based on abundant metals like sodium, ,,− aluminum, potassium, , and magnesium have received considerable attention recently. Among these options, rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted attention due to their low cost, abundance of sodium, and competing performance with LIBs …”