Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)?a new tool for single molecule detection and identification

Abstract

This report describes surface‐enhanced Stokes and anti‐Stokes Raman scattering of molecules in aqueous colloidal silver solution using non‐resonant near‐infrared excitation. We demonstrate that extremely large surface‐enhanced Raman cross sections of the order of 10−16 cm2 per molecule can be combined with favorable conditions for excitation and collection of Raman scattered light provided by a Raman microscope to achieve single molecule sensitivity. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy will be compared with fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for single molecule detection.

Room-Temperature Molecular Manipulation via Plasmonic Trapping at Electrified Interfaces

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm −2 (Figure 3c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure 2c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity (I(ω Raman )), as described in the following equation 64,65…”

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm –2 (Figure c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity ( I (ω Raman )), as described in the following equation , where C is the constant defined by the cell conditions, optical setups, and some physical constants, while M is the magnitude of plasmon-enhanced electric field intensity determined by a structure . The term of α ρσ is the scattering tensor which is static at the present electrochemical potential .…”

Room-Temperature Molecular Manipulation via Plasmonic Trapping at Electrified Interfaces

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm −2 (Figure 3c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure 2c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity (I(ω Raman )), as described in the following equation 64,65…”

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm –2 (Figure c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity ( I (ω Raman )), as described in the following equation , where C is the constant defined by the cell conditions, optical setups, and some physical constants, while M is the magnitude of plasmon-enhanced electric field intensity determined by a structure . The term of α ρσ is the scattering tensor which is static at the present electrochemical potential .…”

Detection and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…SERS is a derivative of Raman spectroscopy with the aid of nanomaterials. Numerous research studies have been conducted during the past four decades about using SERS for trace detection of the targeted analytes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Different from the conventional Raman spectroscopic technology, SERS signal can be significantly enhanced due to both electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement, with the former being the dominant contributor [24].…”

Dynamic-SERS Optophysiology: A Nanosensor for Monitoring Cell Secretion Events

“…Optical nanosensors based on plasmonic nanomaterials hold promising capabilities to fulfill the current gaps in extracellular analysis and are now commonly applied in biosensing ,− and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. ,− Among the suite of plasmonic techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) benefits from the high electric field generated by the surface plasmon to reach high sensitivity for molecules adsorbed on the plasmonic material, and in the appropriate experimental conditions, the sensitivity of SERS can reach single-molecule (SM) detection. − Furthermore, SERS provides an additional benefit from the unique vibrational fingerprint of molecules to identify analytes . Using these advantages, imaging and probing of the cytoplasm of cells were achieved with SERS. ,− SERS nanosensors consisting of adsorbed gold nanoparticles onto a patch-clamp nanopipette were reported to probe in situ the intracellular content of cells .…”

Room-Temperature Molecular Manipulation via Plasmonic Trapping at Electrified Interfaces

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm −2 (Figure 3c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure 2c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity (I(ω Raman )), as described in the following equation 64,65…”

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm –2 (Figure c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity ( I (ω Raman )), as described in the following equation , where C is the constant defined by the cell conditions, optical setups, and some physical constants, while M is the magnitude of plasmon-enhanced electric field intensity determined by a structure . The term of α ρσ is the scattering tensor which is static at the present electrochemical potential .…”

Detection and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…SERS is a derivative of Raman spectroscopy with the aid of nanomaterials. Numerous research studies have been conducted during the past four decades about using SERS for trace detection of the targeted analytes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Different from the conventional Raman spectroscopic technology, SERS signal can be significantly enhanced due to both electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement, with the former being the dominant contributor [24].…”

Dynamic-SERS Optophysiology: A Nanosensor for Monitoring Cell Secretion Events

“…Optical nanosensors based on plasmonic nanomaterials hold promising capabilities to fulfill the current gaps in extracellular analysis and are now commonly applied in biosensing ,− and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. ,− Among the suite of plasmonic techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) benefits from the high electric field generated by the surface plasmon to reach high sensitivity for molecules adsorbed on the plasmonic material, and in the appropriate experimental conditions, the sensitivity of SERS can reach single-molecule (SM) detection. − Furthermore, SERS provides an additional benefit from the unique vibrational fingerprint of molecules to identify analytes . Using these advantages, imaging and probing of the cytoplasm of cells were achieved with SERS. ,− SERS nanosensors consisting of adsorbed gold nanoparticles onto a patch-clamp nanopipette were reported to probe in situ the intracellular content of cells .…”

Room-Temperature Molecular Manipulation via Plasmonic Trapping at Electrified Interfaces

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm −2 (Figure 3c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure 2c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity (I(ω Raman )), as described in the following equation 64,65…”

“…On the other hand, in the case of the relatively strong intensity with 140 μW μm –2 (Figure c), the two dispersion centers were observed at around 10 and 45 cps corresponding to the initial and latter parts of observations (Figure c). The number of molecules can be estimated from the Raman intensity ( I (ω Raman )), as described in the following equation , where C is the constant defined by the cell conditions, optical setups, and some physical constants, while M is the magnitude of plasmon-enhanced electric field intensity determined by a structure . The term of α ρσ is the scattering tensor which is static at the present electrochemical potential .…”

Detection and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…SERS is a derivative of Raman spectroscopy with the aid of nanomaterials. Numerous research studies have been conducted during the past four decades about using SERS for trace detection of the targeted analytes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Different from the conventional Raman spectroscopic technology, SERS signal can be significantly enhanced due to both electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement, with the former being the dominant contributor [24].…”

Dynamic-SERS Optophysiology: A Nanosensor for Monitoring Cell Secretion Events

“…Optical nanosensors based on plasmonic nanomaterials hold promising capabilities to fulfill the current gaps in extracellular analysis and are now commonly applied in biosensing ,− and surface-enhanced spectroscopies. ,− Among the suite of plasmonic techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) benefits from the high electric field generated by the surface plasmon to reach high sensitivity for molecules adsorbed on the plasmonic material, and in the appropriate experimental conditions, the sensitivity of SERS can reach single-molecule (SM) detection. − Furthermore, SERS provides an additional benefit from the unique vibrational fingerprint of molecules to identify analytes . Using these advantages, imaging and probing of the cytoplasm of cells were achieved with SERS. ,− SERS nanosensors consisting of adsorbed gold nanoparticles onto a patch-clamp nanopipette were reported to probe in situ the intracellular content of cells .…”