Surface behavior in potassium titanyl phosphate crystal irradiated by swift Kr8+ ions

Optical ridge waveguides in Nd3+‐doped fluorophosphate glasses fabricated by carbon ion implantation and femtosecond laser ablation

“…12 Hence, the refractive index of the material is varied and the waveguide layer of micrometers order is fabricated. 13,14 The IIPT can control many parameters of the waveguide. For a given species of implanted ions and target material, the energy determines the thickness of the waveguide and the dose affects the change in refractive index.…”

“…The ions gradually lose their energy and finally stay in the material, causing changes in the composition, structure and properties of the material 12 . Hence, the refractive index of the material is varied and the waveguide layer of micrometers order is fabricated 13,14 …”