Surface and oceanic heat fluxes in the Gulf of Oman

10.1016/s0967-0653(98)80177-4

“…This is to be expected, as the drop in the sea-surface temperature reduces the air temperature at the boundary layer and stabilizes the air over the sea. The annual average of evaporative flux is 43 W m-2 , significantly lower than the averages for the Red Sea (169 W m-2 ) and the Arabian Gulf (168 W m-2 ) (Ahmad and Sultan, 1987Sultan, , 1989Sultan, , 1991, and also less than the evaporative heat flux in the Gulf of Oman (100 W m-2 ) (Sultan and Ahmad, 1993). The large difference in the evaporative heat flux between the Gulf of Aden and the adjacent waters may be attributed to the influence of upwelling.…”

10.1016/s0967-0653(98)80177-4

“…This is to be expected, as the drop in the sea-surface temperature reduces the air temperature at the boundary layer and stabilizes the air over the sea. The annual average of evaporative flux is 43 W m-2 , significantly lower than the averages for the Red Sea (169 W m-2 ) and the Arabian Gulf (168 W m-2 ) (Ahmad and Sultan, 1987Sultan, , 1989Sultan, , 1991, and also less than the evaporative heat flux in the Gulf of Oman (100 W m-2 ) (Sultan and Ahmad, 1993). The large difference in the evaporative heat flux between the Gulf of Aden and the adjacent waters may be attributed to the influence of upwelling.…”

A Review of U.S. Navy Atmospheric Model Products in the Arabian Gulf - An Examination of NORAPS and COAMPS

“…Strong seasonal variability over the Arabian Gulf has been observed and noted in the literature, e.g., Hunter 1982;Walters and Sjoberg 1988;and Sultan and Ahmad 1993. Table 3 defines the seasonal means presented here.…”

“…In general, NORAPS mean air temperatures post higher RMS errors than the COAMPS data when compared to the four sources for monthly mean observations. The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data.…”

“…The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data. Discrepancies with this source (1993b) are not surprising since this source consists of values confined to the Strait of Hormuz.…”

Recent observed climate change over the Arabian Peninsula

“…Possible reasons for this cooling include the enhancement of the SW monsoon and strengthened upwelling regimes over the western Arabian Sea since 1997 where average summertime phytoplankton biomass has increased more than 350% [ Goes et al , 2005]. In addition, Sultan and Ahmad [1993] have demonstrated that during the southwest monsoon (summer) the upwelled cold water from the southern coast of Arabia appears to compensate the heat gain in the Gulf of Oman.…”

10.1016/s0967-0653(98)80177-4

“…This is to be expected, as the drop in the sea-surface temperature reduces the air temperature at the boundary layer and stabilizes the air over the sea. The annual average of evaporative flux is 43 W m-2 , significantly lower than the averages for the Red Sea (169 W m-2 ) and the Arabian Gulf (168 W m-2 ) (Ahmad and Sultan, 1987Sultan, , 1989Sultan, , 1991, and also less than the evaporative heat flux in the Gulf of Oman (100 W m-2 ) (Sultan and Ahmad, 1993). The large difference in the evaporative heat flux between the Gulf of Aden and the adjacent waters may be attributed to the influence of upwelling.…”

A Review of U.S. Navy Atmospheric Model Products in the Arabian Gulf - An Examination of NORAPS and COAMPS

“…Strong seasonal variability over the Arabian Gulf has been observed and noted in the literature, e.g., Hunter 1982;Walters and Sjoberg 1988;and Sultan and Ahmad 1993. Table 3 defines the seasonal means presented here.…”

“…In general, NORAPS mean air temperatures post higher RMS errors than the COAMPS data when compared to the four sources for monthly mean observations. The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data.…”

“…The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data. Discrepancies with this source (1993b) are not surprising since this source consists of values confined to the Strait of Hormuz.…”

Recent observed climate change over the Arabian Peninsula

“…Possible reasons for this cooling include the enhancement of the SW monsoon and strengthened upwelling regimes over the western Arabian Sea since 1997 where average summertime phytoplankton biomass has increased more than 350% [ Goes et al , 2005]. In addition, Sultan and Ahmad [1993] have demonstrated that during the southwest monsoon (summer) the upwelled cold water from the southern coast of Arabia appears to compensate the heat gain in the Gulf of Oman.…”

10.1016/s0967-0653(98)80177-4

“…This is to be expected, as the drop in the sea-surface temperature reduces the air temperature at the boundary layer and stabilizes the air over the sea. The annual average of evaporative flux is 43 W m-2 , significantly lower than the averages for the Red Sea (169 W m-2 ) and the Arabian Gulf (168 W m-2 ) (Ahmad and Sultan, 1987Sultan, , 1989Sultan, , 1991, and also less than the evaporative heat flux in the Gulf of Oman (100 W m-2 ) (Sultan and Ahmad, 1993). The large difference in the evaporative heat flux between the Gulf of Aden and the adjacent waters may be attributed to the influence of upwelling.…”

A Review of U.S. Navy Atmospheric Model Products in the Arabian Gulf - An Examination of NORAPS and COAMPS

“…Strong seasonal variability over the Arabian Gulf has been observed and noted in the literature, e.g., Hunter 1982;Walters and Sjoberg 1988;and Sultan and Ahmad 1993. Table 3 defines the seasonal means presented here.…”

“…In general, NORAPS mean air temperatures post higher RMS errors than the COAMPS data when compared to the four sources for monthly mean observations. The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data.…”

“…The highest RMS errors with respect to the NORAPS monthly mean air temperatures are obtained with respect to the U.S. Navy Climatic Study of 1980 (4.61 °C) and the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) observations (5.24 °C). The largest RMS error for COAMPS (3.21 °C) occurs for the same data source, the Sultan and Ahmad (1993) data. Discrepancies with this source (1993b) are not surprising since this source consists of values confined to the Strait of Hormuz.…”

Recent observed climate change over the Arabian Peninsula

“…Possible reasons for this cooling include the enhancement of the SW monsoon and strengthened upwelling regimes over the western Arabian Sea since 1997 where average summertime phytoplankton biomass has increased more than 350% [ Goes et al , 2005]. In addition, Sultan and Ahmad [1993] have demonstrated that during the southwest monsoon (summer) the upwelled cold water from the southern coast of Arabia appears to compensate the heat gain in the Gulf of Oman.…”