Superoxide anion generation by Crassostrea virginica hemocytes as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction

Flow cytometric assessment of haemocyte sub-populations in the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, haemolymph

“…Other functional studies of bivalve haemocytes concerned assessment of reactive *Corresponding author. E-mail: trenault@ifremer.fr oxygen intermediate production, hydrolytic enzymes and cytotoxic molecules (Cheng, 1983;Leippe & Renwrantz, 1988;Hughes et al, 1990;Mori et al, 1990;Bachère et al, 1991;Stefano et al, 1990;Anderson, 1994;Anderson et al, 1992Anderson et al, , 1995Charlet et al, 1996;Hubert et al, 1996;Ottaviani et al, 1996;Roch et al, 1996). Most haemocyte studies were performed using conventional cytological or biochemical techniques, with light microscopy being the most common analytical method.…”

Effect of a mono-specific algal diet on immune functions in two bivalve species -Crassostrea gigasandRuditapes philippinarum

“…Two main haemocyte functions can be evaluated using this technique: phagocytosis, which represents probably the most investigated functional aspect of haemocyte activity (Cheng, 1996), and the 'oxidative burst'. Generation of reactive oxygen species at the end of the oxidative burst process has been observed in several bivalves such as C. gigas (Bachère et al, 1991;Greger et al, 1995), C. virginica (Anderson et al, 1992), O. edulis (Hervio et al, 1989;Bachère et al, 1991), M. edulis (Pipe, 1992;Noël et al, 1993) and Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Arumugan et al, 2000) but has not been detected in clam species such as R. decussatus (López et al, 1994) and hard shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Cheng et al, 1975). Also, production of nitrite oxide, another active oxygen intermediate, has been recently demonstrated in C. gigas (Nakayama and Maruyama, 1998), M. edulis (Ottaviani et al, 1993), M. galloprovincialis (Arumugan et al, 2000) and R. decussatus (Taffala et al, 2003).…”

Melanogenesis and the Generation of Cytotoxic Molecules During Insect Cellular Immune Reactions

“…Reactive forms of oxygen such as superoxide anion (02-), hydroxyl radical ('OH), and hydrogen peroxide H202 have long been implicated as essential components in the defense arsenal of vertebrates (Cadenas, 1989), and recent investigations have shown that these molecules are also produced by invertebrate phagocytes (Nakamura et al, 1985;Shozawa, 1986;Dikkeboom et al, 1987Dikkeboom et al, , 1988aPipe, 1992;Anderson et al, 1992;Ito et al, 1992). However, it is not known if reactive oxygen species are produced in insects in their defense against endoparasites.…”