Superabsorbents

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Theory of Polyelectrolyte Networks 3.1. Elasticity 3.2. Swelling 3.3. Phase Transition 4. Chemistry and Production of Superabsorbents 4.1. Raw Materials 4.2. Radical Solution Polymerization 4.2.1. Principles 4.2.2. Production Processes 4.3. Inverse Suspension Polymerization 4.4. Surface Treatment 5. Properties, Characterization, and Analysis 5.1. Absorption Capacity 5.2. Shear Modulus 5.3. Kinetics of Absorption 5.4. Swelling under Load 5.5. Permeability 5.6. Test Methods 5.7. Stability of Superabsorbents 6. Uses 6.1. Personal Hygiene Products 6.1.1. Diapers 6.1.2. Feminine Hygiene Products 6.2. Packaging Applications 6.3. Soil Conditioners 6.4. Cable Applications 6.5. Civil Engineering and Construction 6.6. Other Applications 7. Other Forms of Superabsorbent Polymers 7.1. Fibers 7.2. Foams and Films 8. Environmental Aspects and Toxicology 9. Economic Aspects

Ecotoxicity of isosorbide acrylate and methacrylate monomers and corresponding polymers

“…The hydrolytic cleavage of this ester was a possible degradation pathway in these polymers, which would afford polyacrylic ( PAA ) or methacrylic acid ( PMAA ), or a salt thereof, and the corresponding isosorbide unit. Neutralized PAA is widely used in superabsorbents and detergents, 61 and the salt of PMAA is found in, e.g. , hydrogels and biomedical applications.…”

Ecotoxicity of isosorbide acrylate and methacrylate monomers and corresponding polymers

“…The hydrolytic cleavage of this ester was a possible degradation pathway in these polymers, which would afford polyacrylic ( PAA ) or methacrylic acid ( PMAA ), or a salt thereof, and the corresponding isosorbide unit. Neutralized PAA is widely used in superabsorbents and detergents, 61 and the salt of PMAA is found in, e.g. , hydrogels and biomedical applications.…”

Low-temperature tolerant poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable zinc–air batteries

“…PAA is highly hydrophilic and is known as a superabsorbent which can absorb water in amounts corresponding to several hundred times its weight, which may hinder water evaporation from the GPE. 42,43 The slower dehydration rate of GPE-KOH-KI may be attributed to the hydration of K + and I − that improved the attraction between ions and water molecules. 36 When tested in an environment with an 85% relative humidity (RH), Fig.…”

Tackling Challenges in Industrially Relevant Homogeneous Catalysis: The Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa), an Industrial–Academic Partnership

“…The synthesis of sodium acrylate based on the carboxylation of ethylene is an attractive but challenging target (Scheme ). Sodium acrylate itself is an important monomer for superabsorbents and currently produced on a scale of about 4 million tons per year. In the established route, propylene is oxidized in a two-stage gas-phase reaction to acrylic acid, followed by reaction with NaOH to produce sodium acrylate.…”

Ecotoxicity of isosorbide acrylate and methacrylate monomers and corresponding polymers

“…The hydrolytic cleavage of this ester was a possible degradation pathway in these polymers, which would afford polyacrylic ( PAA ) or methacrylic acid ( PMAA ), or a salt thereof, and the corresponding isosorbide unit. Neutralized PAA is widely used in superabsorbents and detergents, 61 and the salt of PMAA is found in, e.g. , hydrogels and biomedical applications.…”

Low-temperature tolerant poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable zinc–air batteries

“…PAA is highly hydrophilic and is known as a superabsorbent which can absorb water in amounts corresponding to several hundred times its weight, which may hinder water evaporation from the GPE. 42,43 The slower dehydration rate of GPE-KOH-KI may be attributed to the hydration of K + and I − that improved the attraction between ions and water molecules. 36 When tested in an environment with an 85% relative humidity (RH), Fig.…”

Tackling Challenges in Industrially Relevant Homogeneous Catalysis: The Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa), an Industrial–Academic Partnership

“…The synthesis of sodium acrylate based on the carboxylation of ethylene is an attractive but challenging target (Scheme ). Sodium acrylate itself is an important monomer for superabsorbents and currently produced on a scale of about 4 million tons per year. In the established route, propylene is oxidized in a two-stage gas-phase reaction to acrylic acid, followed by reaction with NaOH to produce sodium acrylate.…”

Ecotoxicity of isosorbide acrylate and methacrylate monomers and corresponding polymers

“…The hydrolytic cleavage of this ester was a possible degradation pathway in these polymers, which would afford polyacrylic ( PAA ) or methacrylic acid ( PMAA ), or a salt thereof, and the corresponding isosorbide unit. Neutralized PAA is widely used in superabsorbents and detergents, 61 and the salt of PMAA is found in, e.g. , hydrogels and biomedical applications.…”

Low-temperature tolerant poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable zinc–air batteries

“…PAA is highly hydrophilic and is known as a superabsorbent which can absorb water in amounts corresponding to several hundred times its weight, which may hinder water evaporation from the GPE. 42,43 The slower dehydration rate of GPE-KOH-KI may be attributed to the hydration of K + and I − that improved the attraction between ions and water molecules. 36 When tested in an environment with an 85% relative humidity (RH), Fig.…”

Tackling Challenges in Industrially Relevant Homogeneous Catalysis: The Catalysis Research Laboratory (CaRLa), an Industrial–Academic Partnership

“…The synthesis of sodium acrylate based on the carboxylation of ethylene is an attractive but challenging target (Scheme ). Sodium acrylate itself is an important monomer for superabsorbents and currently produced on a scale of about 4 million tons per year. In the established route, propylene is oxidized in a two-stage gas-phase reaction to acrylic acid, followed by reaction with NaOH to produce sodium acrylate.…”