Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Children's Health

Scharf, Rebecca J.; DeBoer, Mark D.

doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021528

Cited by 106 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…In 2014/2015, it was estimated that the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK spent nearly £5.1 billion on the treatment of obesity and its related ill-health. A higher figure was reported in the USA where healthcare expenditures on overweight and obesity were estimated to be between $150 billion and $190 billion, attributing to 20% of total healthcare costs per year (Scharf and DeBoer 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Food and beverage advertising increases the total demand and motivates brand switching (Powell et al 2017). Children and youths are exposed to advertising from not only television, but also billboards, magazines, signs in stores and public places such as airports and subway stations, and now increasingly on technology such as iPad apps, and video games as well as social media (Scharf and DeBoer 2016). Social media are a relatively new medium through which soft drink manufacturers can uniquely target young people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review

Tahmassebi

BaniHani

2019

Eur Arch Paediatr Dent

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Aims To provide information regarding the different types of soft drinks and critically reviewing their risk on the dental and general health of children and adolescents, as well as the cost associated with such drinks. Methods The literature was reviewed using electronic databases, Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, and was complemented by cross-referencing using published references list from reviewed articles. Search words; soft drinks, juices, carbonated drinks, sports and energy drinks, soft drink and dental diseases, soft drink and health, cost of soft drinks, soft drink advertising, sugar tax on soft drinks were used for this review. In total, 104 papers were reviewed by both authors; of these, 62 papers were found to have relevant information. Results The consumption of soft drinks was found to have increased dramatically over the past several decades. The greatest increase in soft drink consumption has been among children and adolescents. Some commercial soft drinks are high in sugar content and acidity. In addition, they supply energy only and are of little nutritional benefit and lack micro-nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Soft drink consumption can contribute to detrimental oral and general health. Efforts have been made by manufacturers and government agencies to reduce the potential harmful effects of sugar-containing soft drinks on teeth and general health. These include banning the sale of soft drinks in schools, restricting soft drinks advertising, modifying the composition of soft drinks and introducing tax on sugar-containing soft drinks. Conclusions The consumption of soft drinks with high sugar content and acidity can contribute to detrimental oral health and may also affect general health. Therefore, it is necessary to educate patients about the harmful effects of different types of soft drinks as it is not always easy for individuals to identify from drink labelling the ingredients which they contain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review

Tahmassebi

BaniHani

2019

Eur Arch Paediatr Dent

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“…Children with obesity had higher scores on a processed/snacking dietary pattern defined as a diet high in confectionary, crisps, processed foods, cakes, and biscuits and greater food approach and less food avoidance eating behaviours. Dietary intake and body composition analyses in children have hitherto focused on specific food groups, such as sugar‐sweetened beverages, high sugar/fat snacks, or fruit and vegetable intake . However, dietary patterns reduces dietary data into fewer variables by combining highly correlated food groups; therefore, they may better define an individual's habitual diet as they attempt to describe the whole diet rather than description of specific nutrients or foods .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between dietary patterns, eating behaviours, and body composition and adiposity in 3‐year‐old children of mothers with obesity

et al. 2019

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Summary Background The relationships between eating habits, behaviours, and the development of obesity in preschool children is not well established. Objective As children of mothers with obesity are themselves at risk of obesity, we examined these relationships in a cohort of 482 three‐year‐old children of mothers with obesity from the UK Pregnancy Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT). Method Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis of an 85‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eating behaviours were assessed using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Measures of body composition included age‐specific BMI cut‐offs, WHO z scores, sum of skinfolds, waist and arm circumferences, and body fat percentage. Using adjusted regression analysis, we examined associations between dietary patterns, eating behaviours, and measures of body composition. Results Three distinct dietary patterns were defined: “healthy/prudent,” “African/Caribbean,” and “processed/snacking.” The “processed/snacking” pattern was associated with greater odds of obesity; OR 1.53 (95% CI, 1.07‐2.19). The “African/Caribbean” and the “healthy/prudent” patterns were associated with a lower arm circumference (β = −0.23 cm [−0.45 to −0.01]) and sum of skinfolds (β = −1.36 cm [−2.88 to −0.37]), respectively. Lower enjoyment of food and food responsiveness, and greater slowness in eating and satiety, were associated with lower arm and waist circumferences, WHO z scores, and obesity (all P < .05). Conclusion In children of mothers with obesity, those who had higher scores on a “processed/snacking” dietary pattern had greater odds of obesity. In contrast, slowness in eating was associated with lower measures of body composition. These novel findings highlight modifiable behaviours in high‐risk preschool children which could contribute to public health strategies for prevention of childhood obesity.

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“…5,16,31 Multiple investigators have reported that individuals with lower incomes have difficulty accessing adequate and appropriate food stuff leading to greater consumption of highly processed energy dense foods. 33,34 Both male and female 100% juice clusters had mean BMIs within the normal adult range (19–25), while BMIs of other clusters bordered the upper limit of normal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beverage Consumption Patterns at Age 13 to 17 Years Are Associated with Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index at Age 17 Years

Marshall¹,

Buren²,

Warren³

et al. 2017

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

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Background Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been associated with obesity in children and adults; however, associations between beverage patterns and obesity are not understood. Objective To describe beverage patterns during adolescence, and the associations between adolescent beverage patterns and age 17 anthropometric measures. Design Cross-sectional analyses of longitudinally-collected data. Participants/setting Participants in the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study having at least one beverage questionnaire completed between ages 13.0 and 14.0 years, having a second questionnaire completed between 16.0 and 17.0 years and attending an age 17 clinic exam for weight and height measurements (n=369). Exposure Beverages were collapsed into 4 categories {i.e., 100% juice, milk, water and other sugar-free beverages (water/SFB), and SSBs} for the purpose of clustering. Five beverage clusters were identified from standardized age 13–17 mean daily beverage intakes and named by the authors for the dominant beverage: juice, milk, water/SFB, neutral and SSB. Outcome Age 17 weight, height and BMI. Statistical analyses Ward’s method for clustering of beverage variables. One-way ANOVA and chi-square tests for bivariable associations. Gamma regression for associations of weight or BMI (outcomes) with beverage clusters and demographic variables. Linear regression for associations of height (outcome) with beverage clusters and demographic variables. Results Participants with family incomes < $60,000 trended shorter (1.5±0.8 cm; P=0.070) and were heavier (2.0±0.7 BMI units; P=0.002) than participants with family incomes ≥ 60,000/year. Adjusted mean weight, height and BMI estimates differed by beverage cluster membership. For example, on average, male and female members of the neutral cluster were 4.5 cm (P=0.010) and 4.2 (P=0.034) cm shorter, respectively, than members of the milk cluster. For members of the juice cluster, the mean BMI was lower than for members of the milk cluster (by 2.4 units), water/SFB cluster (3.5 units), neutral cluster (2.2 units) and SSB cluster (3.2 units) (all Ps<0.05). Conclusions Age 13–17 year beverage patterns were associated with age 17 anthropometric measures and BMI in this sample. Beverage patterns might be characteristic of overall food choices and dietary behaviors that influence growth.

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Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Children's Health

Cited by 106 publications

References 144 publications

Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review

Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review

Associations between dietary patterns, eating behaviours, and body composition and adiposity in 3‐year‐old children of mothers with obesity

Beverage Consumption Patterns at Age 13 to 17 Years Are Associated with Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index at Age 17 Years

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