Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status

Kanaley, Jill A.; Boileau, R. A.; Bahr, Jeanette; Misner, J. E.; Nelson, Ralph A.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199208000-00008

Cited by 73 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…The present data agree with previous studies that show no effect of the menstrual cycle on resting whole body substrate oxidation (3,7,33) and resting concentrations of glucose, FFA, glycerol, and lactate (3,7,16,27,34). We also observed no significant mean differences in resting concentrations of insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol, as others have reported (3,7,16,28,34,57).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Contrary to what was hypothesized, we observed no difference in whole body carbohydrate or lipid oxidation during moderate, prolonged exercise in the EF, MF, or ML phases. In addition, there were no differences in plasma glucose kinetics across cycle phases, despite a greater exercise increase in glucose and insulin concentrations in the luteal compared with both follicular phases.The present data agree with previous studies that show no effect of the menstrual cycle on resting whole body substrate oxidation (3,7,33) and resting concentrations of glucose, FFA, glycerol, and lactate (3,7,16,27,34). We also observed no significant mean differences in resting concentrations of insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol, as others have reported (3,7,16,28,34,57).…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

“…Certain data suggest that there may be greater lipid oxidation and lower carbohydrate oxidation with mild-to moderately high-intensity exercise [<75% of maximal O 2 uptake ] performed in the luteal vs. follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (10,18,40,57), although this has not always been observed (3,7,11,27). In terms of exercise substrate changes and the associated neuroendocrine response, results are inconsistent regarding menstrual cycle effects (6,16,27,49). Recent work has provided some interesting, but conflicting, data with respect to menstrual cycle changes in exercise glucose kinetics.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glucose kinetics and fuel oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise

Horton

Miller

Glueck

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

101

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Resting and exercise fuel metabolism was assessed in three different phases of the menstrual cycle, characterized by different levels of estrogen relative to progesterone: early follicular (EF, low estrogen and progesterone), midfollicular (MF, elevated estrogen, low progesterone), and midluteal (ML, elevated estrogen and progesterone). It was hypothesized that exercise glucose utilization and whole body carbohydrate oxidation would decrease sequentially from the EF to the MF to the ML phase. Normal-weight healthy females, experiencing a regular menstrual cycle, were recruited. Subjects were moderately active but not highly trained. Testing occurred after 3 days of diet control and after an overnight fast (12-13 h). Resting (2 h) and exercise (50% maximal O 2 uptake, 90 min) measurements of whole body substrate oxidation, tracer-determined glucose flux, and substrate and hormone concentrations were made. No significant difference was observed in whole body fuel oxidation during exercise in the three phases (nonprotein respiratory exchange ratio: EF 0.84 ± 0.01, MF 0.85 ± 0.01, ML 0.85 ± 0.01) or in rates of glucose appearance or disappearance. There were, however, significantly higher glucose (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.001) concentrations during the first 45 min of exercise in the ML phase vs. EF and MF phases. In conclusion, whole body substrate oxidation and glucose utilization did not vary significantly across the menstrual cycle in moderately active women, either at rest or during 90 min of moderate-intensity exercise. During the ML phase, however, this similar pattern of substrate utilization was associated with greater glucose and insulin concentrations. Both estrogen and progesterone are elevated during the ML phase of the menstrual cycle, suggesting that one or both of these sex steroids may play a role in this response.Keywords substrate oxidation; female sex steroids; glucose metabolism IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN, the menstrual cycle represents a continuous state of change in terms of the female sex steroid environment. Determining how the menstrual cycle phase affects various aspects of metabolism is necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of normal physiology in women. It is also important to establish the necessity of controlling for sex steroid hormone status when women are included in metabolic studies. This is relevant both to the resting condition and during perturbations common to everyday life, such as exercise. Copyright © 2002 the American Physiological SocietyAddress for reprint requests and other correspondence: T. J. Horton, Center for Human Nutrition, Box C225, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262 (E-mail: Tracy.Horton@uchsc.edu).. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 June 27. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptData would suggest that the normal cyclical variation in estrogen and/or progesterone could affect a number of ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glucose kinetics and fuel oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise

Horton

Miller

Glueck

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

101

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“…Despite these differences, both studies are consistent in the observation of no significant effect of menstrual cycle phase on systemic glycerol and NEFA kinetics during exercise. Given the fact that estrogen and progesterone have been shown to significantly affect lipolysis and lipid metabolism in both animals and humans (7,9,11,18,19,33,34,36,37,39,43,46), present and previous data (8,25) suggest that the fluctuations (2,4,15,31,32,56) in estrogen and progesterone that cover the majority of the days in the normal menstrual cycle are of insufficient magnitude, and/or duration, to significantly affect resting or exercise lipid kinetics and whole body lipid oxidation. This does not rule out subtle differences that the current techniques are not sensitive enough to detect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or palmitate kinetics during 90 min of moderate exercise

Horton¹,

Miller²,

Bourret³

2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

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No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or palmitate kinetics during 90 min of moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 100: 917-925, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00491.2005.-The systemic flux of glycerol and palmitate [a representative nonesterified free fatty acid (NEFA)] was assessed in three different phases of the menstrual cycle at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise. It was hypothesized that circulating glycerol and NEFA turnover would be greatest in the midfollicular (MF) phase of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen is elevated but progesterone low, followed by the midluteal phase (ML; high estrogen and progesterone), and lowest in the early follicular (EF) phase of the menstrual cycle (low estrogen and progesterone). Subjects included moderately active, eumenorrheic, healthy women. Testing occurred after 3 days of diet control and after an overnight fast (12-13 h). Resting and exercise (50% maximal oxygen uptake, 90 min) measurements of tracer-determined glycerol and palmitate kinetics were made. There was a significant increase in both glycerol and palmitate turnover from rest to exercise in all phases of the menstrual cycle (P Ͻ 0.0001). No significant differences, however, were observed between cycle phases in the systemic flux of glycerol or palmitate, at rest or during exercise. Maximal peripheral lipolysis during exercise, as represented by glycerol rate of appearance at 90 min, equaled 8.45 Ϯ 0.96, 8.35 Ϯ 1.12, and 7.71 Ϯ 0.96 mol ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 in the EF, MF, and ML phases, respectively. Circulating free fatty acid utilization also peaked at 90 min of exercise, as indicated by the palmitate rate of disappearance (3.31 Ϯ 0.35, 3.17 Ϯ 0.39, and 3.47 Ϯ 0.26 mol ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 ) in the EF, MF, and ML phases, respectively. In conclusion, systemic rates of glycerol and NEFA turnover (as represented by palmitate flux) were not significantly affected by the cyclic fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone that occur throughout the normal menstrual cycle, either at rest or during 90 min of moderate exercise. nonesterified free fatty acid kinetics; lipolysis RECENTLY, THERE HAVE BEEN a number of studies that have addressed the effect of the normal menstrual cycle on whole body substrate oxidation during exercise. This has been of interest both from the perspective of establishing any potential role of the normal variation in estrogen and progesterone on substrate metabolism as well as establishing the necessity to control for sex steroid hormone status in metabolic studies including women. In general, the majority of studies have shown that the normal cyclic fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone observed throughout the menstrual cycle do not affect whole body lipid or carbohydrate oxidation, at rest or during moderate exercise (5, 28, 29, 57); nevertheless, menstrual cycle phase may affect substrate metabolism under certain conditions. For example, lower rates of glucose flux and carbohydrate oxidation have been observed in the midluteal (MF) vs. midfollicular (MF) phase when the demand ...

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“…[Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, [489][490][491][492][493][494]2000] studies are supportive of the occurrence of similar metabolic events [3][4][5]. However, some human studies are at odds with these findings (i.e., reporting that female sex steroid hormones have no impact on substrate metabolism) [6,7]. The discrepancy in outcome between the findings in these studies may be related to such factors as variance in dietary control, exercise being performed at different intensity levels, or sex steroid hormonal levels not being monitored accurately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women.

Hackney¹,

Muoio²,

Meyer³

2000

JJP

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Skeletal muscle glycogen is an essential constituent to exercise performance [1]. Several factors are known to affect glycogen storage and utilization within skeletal muscle, such as dietary practices, exercise activity, and hormonal status [1]. Most research concerning this last factor has dealt with traditional metabolic hormones (e.g., epinephrine, insulin, and glucagon). However, so-called non-metabolic hormones also have an impact upon muscle glycogen and thus could affect exercise performance [1]. One such category of hormone includes the female sex steroids, estrogens and progesterone. Rodent studies indicate estrogens increase muscle glycogen storage at rest and reduce glycogen utilization during prolonged submaximal exercise, primarily due to the increased oxidation of free-fatty acids as an energy source, which results in a glycogen sparing effect [2]. Human research has been limited in this area, but the findings of several Key words: energy metabolism, menstrual cycle, activity. Abstract:In animals, female sex steroid hormones (SS, estrogens-progesterone) influence the energy substrate that is metabolized. Human research on this issue is controversial. This study examined whether changes in circulating SS hormone levels affected the carbohydrate-lipid metabolism during submaximal prolonged (60 min) exercise. Young, physically active females were studied. Four were classified as anovulatoryoligomenorrheic and four were classified as ovulatory-eumenorrheic. Subject responses were pooled to form one group (nϭ8) and then their responses under low (L) and high (H) pharmaceutically manipulated SS hormone conditions were examined. During exercise, the mean oxygen consumption levels were 1.70Ϯ0.10 l · min Ϫ1for L-SS and 1.75Ϯ0.11 l · min Ϫ1 for H-SS (pϭ 0.07), respectively. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) responses were significantly different during exercise between the conditions: 0.93Ϯ0.04 for L-SS and 0.90Ϯ0.04 for H-SS (pϽ0.05), respectively. RER responses were utilized to calculate substrate oxidation. Significantly less carbohydrate oxidation was found in the H-SS condition as compared to the L-SS condition (pϽ0.05). Lipid oxidation was also significantly different, but for this measure, the levels of oxidation were greater in the H-SS than in the L-SS condition (pϽ0.05). Finally, total energy expenditure for the 60 min of exercise was not significantly different between the hormonal conditions. Results suggest that sex steroid hormones have an impact upon substrate oxidation in women during exercise. Specifically, high circulating concentrations of the SS hormones result in an enhanced reliance upon the oxidation of lipid as an energy substrate and consequently induce a reduction in carbohydrate oxidation. The mechanism inducing this "metabolism shift" appears due to sex steroid hormones directly and indirectly increasing lipid mobilization and lipolysis.

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Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glucose kinetics and fuel oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise

No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glucose kinetics and fuel oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise

No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or palmitate kinetics during 90 min of moderate exercise

The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women.

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