Substrate Integrated Transmission Lines: Review and Applications

Wu, Ke; Bozzi, Maurizio; Fonseca, Nelson J. G.

doi:10.1109/jmw.2020.3034379

Cited by 145 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…This may be problematic, especially at low frequencies. At mm-wave frequencies, insertion losses are prohibitive with traditional transmission line types, such as microstrip lines, and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [75] becomes a serious alternative, albeit with a larger circuit footprint. Therefore, some effort has been made to achieve a level of miniaturization, across the frequency range of interest for wireless communication devices.…”

Section: B Miniaturizing the Circuit Layoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

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To support the ever-increasing demand on connectivity and datarates, multiple beam antennas are identified as a critical technology for the fifth generation (5G), the sixth generation (6G) and more generally beyond 5G (B5G) wireless communication links in both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). To reduce the cost and power consumption, there is a marked industrial interest in adopting analogue multiple beam antenna array technology. A key sub-system in many of such antenna arrays is the circuit type multiple beamforming network (BFN). This has led to a significantly renewed interest in and new technological developments of Butler matrices, Blass matrices, and Nolen matrices as well as hybrid structures, mostly at millimeter-wave frequencies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive analysis and comparison of circuit type multiple BFNs have been properly reported with focus on 5 G and 6 G applications to date. In this paper, the principle of operation, design, and implementation of different circuit type multiple BFNs are discussed and compared. The suitability of these sub-systems for 5 G and B5G antenna arrays is reviewed. Major technology and research challenges are highlighted. It is expected that this review paper will facilitate further innovation and developments in this important field.INDEX TERMS Fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), beyond 5G (B5G), multiple beam antenna arrays, circuit type beamforming networks (BFNs), Blass matrix, Butler matrix, Nolen matrix, terrestrial network (TN), non-terrestrial network (NTN).This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. GUO ET AL.: CIRCUIT TYPE MULTIPLE BEAMFORMING NETWORKS FOR ANTENNA ARRAYS FIGURE 1. General Layout of a multibeam cellular antenna using 1D circuit type BFNs.

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Section: B Miniaturizing the Circuit Layoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

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“…Since, as aforementioned in the introduction, the required accuracy and tight mechanical tolerances is one of the main issues at such frequencies [1], it is relevant to investigate some of the most critical parts in the design in order to estimate the tolerances in the manufacturing process. By performing accurate numerical experiments, as usually done when designing this type of RF devices, we expect to minimize post-realization tuning procedures and technological contingencies, while gaining relevant insights into the performance of the proposed in-line coxial-to-waveguide transition at Q-band.…”

Section: Tolerance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High frequency systems require transmission devices with low losses and dispersion [1]. Moreover, the performance of microwave (300 MHz-30 GHz) and millimetre-wave (30-300 GHz) devices as antennas [2] or waveguides [3] strongly depends on geometrical parameters whose dimensions are smaller than the operative wavelength [4], so that as the variation scale of the electromagnetic waves involved decreases (e.g., at the frequency of 50 GHz, the free space wavelength is about 6 mm), thus calling for a higher precision and tight mechanical tolerances in the fabrication, to avoid long and complicated postrealization tuning procedures [1]. A higher precision is required in their fabrication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A higher precision is required in their fabrication. In this framework, microwave engineers tend to prefer devices whose geometry allows an easier manufacturing process when the operating frequency rises [1]. These issues make horn antennas the preferred solution in high frequency transmission systems with respect to planar or wire antennas: horn antennas are generally all metallic and are characterized by a simple geometry, easy construction and excitation [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An In-Line Coaxial-to-Waveguide Transition for Q-Band Single-Feed-Per-Beam Antenna Systems

et al. 2021

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An in-line transition between a coaxial cable and rectangular waveguide operating in Q-band (33–50 GHz) is presented. The aim of the work is to minimize the modifications in the waveguide to the strictly necessary to overcome the manufacturing issues due to the high frequencies involved. In addition, the transition is compact and it does not increase the space occupation on the transverse section, this suggests its application in horn antennas clusters arrangement. The operating principle consists of both a modal conversion and an impedance matching between the devices. The modal conversion is realized in an intermediate region, where the coaxial penetrates in the waveguide: the device geometry is designed so that the electric field in the transition is a trade-off between the TEM mode of the coaxial and the TE10 of the guide. A shaped waveguide backshort and a reactive air gap in the coaxial cable co-participate to achieve the matching. An optimized Chebyshev stepped transformer completes the transition to fulfil the impedance mismatch with the full waveguide. The design issues and technological aspects are considered. The influences of the feeding pin misalignment, the presence of groove is included in the analysis and these practical aspects are discussed and numerically validated via the scattering parameters analysis of the proposed design. The return loss is higher than 25 dB over the whole Q-band.

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“…Of building blocks in these electronic THz systems, transmission lines are critical since their characteristics directly determine the quality of the passive components, dramatically impacting the system performance. However, transmission line design at THz frequencies is challenging due to unfriendly back end of the lines (BEOL) and lossy substrates, inevitably resulting in the planar transmission lines, e.g., microstrip lines and coplanar waveguides (CPW), to have high loss, low quality factors (Q), low power handling capability, and undesired coupling between nearby devices [10]. The issue becomes much more serious as the operation frequencies reach the THz band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Loss Low-Cost Substrate-Integrated Waveguide and Filter in GaAs IPD Technology for Terahertz Applications

Chiu

2021

IEEE Access

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A low-loss and low-cost terahertz (THz) substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and a SIW filter implemented in a commercially-available GaAs integrated-passive-devices (IPD) technology are proposed for THz applications. Ellipse vias penetrating through a 100-μm thick GaAs substrate are employed to realize a low-loss SIW. The via's orientation is designed as being transverse, instead of being longitudinal, to the propagation direction of the input wave, which can improve the insertion loss by 2.7 dB at 415 GHz due to lower signal leakage from the waveguide. The proposed SIW is able to provide simulated insertion loss of only 0.39 dB/mm, i.e., 0.14 dB/λg, at 340 GHz. A new SIW filter structure using the ellipse vias is proposed which not only successfully realizes a low-loss fourth-order Chebyshev filter under hard design-rule-check (DRC) rules imposed by the IPD technology, but also can enhance out-of-band rejection by 10.5 dB at 390 GHz as compared with conventional waveguide filters. A slot-coupled coplanar waveguide (CPW) to SIW transition structure without any impedance tuning stub required is also proposed to measure the proposed SIW and SIW filter. The proposed transition structure can give simulated insertion loss of 0.7 dB at 340 GHz while keeping return loss better than 10 dB from 307 to 374 GHz. Eight samples are measured to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed designs against process variations. Experimental results show that the proposed transition structure with a 220-μm long SIW and the SIW filter can provide measured insertion loss of 0.7 and 3.6 dB at 327.5 GHz, respectively. The reasons for the discrepancy between the simulation and measurement results are identified and discussed in detail. As compared with prior works, the proposed SIW and SIW filter exhibit lower loss, lower cost, higher repeatability, higher reliability, and mass-producible capability. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the THz SIW and THz SIW filter designs using a commercially-available and mass-producible IPD technology reported thus far.

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Substrate Integrated Transmission Lines: Review and Applications

Cited by 145 publications

References 117 publications

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

An In-Line Coaxial-to-Waveguide Transition for Q-Band Single-Feed-Per-Beam Antenna Systems

Low-Loss Low-Cost Substrate-Integrated Waveguide and Filter in GaAs IPD Technology for Terahertz Applications

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