Substantial cell apoptosis provoked by naked PAMAM dendrimers in HER2-positive human breast cancer via JNK and ERK1/ERK2 signalling pathways

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Mathematical Modeling of the Growth Suppression of HER2+ Breast Cancer Colonies Under the Effect of Trastuzumab and PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor

“…Cells were maintained at a temperature of 37⁰C with a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. We confirmed the presence of HER2 in this cell line in our previous study (Kheraldine et al, 2021).…”

Elaeagnus angustifolia Plant Extract Induces Apoptosis via P53 and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling Pathways in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

“…The cells were grown in DMEM medium as described above. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436 and MCF 10A cells were treated with different concentrations (25,50,75,100,150, and 200 µl/ml) of EA extract solution for 48 h. Untreated cells were used as the control and were cultured in 100 µl of media. AlamarBlue TM cell viability assay (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States) was used to determine the effect of EA extract on cell proliferation according to the manufacturer's protocol.…”

“…To investigate the ability of TNBC cells to grow in an anchorageindependent manner, soft agar colony formation assay was performed as previously described by our group (25). Briefly, TNBC cells were seeded in 6-well plates (1 × 10 4 cells/well) with/without 100 and 200 µl/ml of EA extract (treated/control, respectively) placed in DMEM medium containing 0.3% agar and plated over a layer of DMEM medium with 10% FBS and containing 0.4% agar.…”

“…The immunoblotting analysis was performed as previously described by our group (20,25). Briefly, a total of 1 × 10 6 cells of TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436) were seeded in Petri dishes and treated with the aqueous extract of EA flowers (100 and 200 µl/ml) for 48 h. Protein lysates were extracted from the control and treated cells.…”

Safety Challenges and Application Strategies for the Use of Dendrimers in Medicine

“…Dendrimers can induce apoptosis by affecting other signaling pathways related to the regulation of cell physiological activities. In a previous study involving the HER2-positive human breast cancer cell, PAMAMs were able to induce apoptosis in numerous cancer cells by enhancing the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2/3, while blocking the expression of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) [87]. Furthermore, PAMAMs can induce the hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and apoptosis; this may occur through an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) -independent and oxidative-stress dependent mechanism [109].…”