Subnormal Binocular Contrast Sensitivity Summation in Patients with Intermittent Exotropia

Kwon, Jeong Min; Jung, Jae Ho

doi:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e222

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It might be helpful to assess the deterioration of alignment in IXT 15 . Jeong found that binocular CS summation ratio was correlated with the control scale in IXT and could be a useful method of assessing binocular visual function in IXT 20 . We supposed BiS in IXT have more improvement than that in other types of strabismus after surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Improvement of binocular summation in intermittent exotropia following successful postoperative alignment

Liu

Ding

Zhang

2021

Sci Rep

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To investigate the improvement of binocular summation (BiS) at high contrast (100%) and different low contrasts (10, 5 and 2.5%) in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) after successfully postoperative alignment. A total of 76 patients (aged 9–40 years) with IXT and poor control at distance before surgery were enrolled in this study. The postoperative deviations ranged between 4 PD esophoria to 10 PD exotropia in the primary position (at near and at distance) in all the enrolled patients. The follow-up visits were 2–3 months after the surgery. We analyzed preoperative and postoperative BiS and the proportions of patients with different BiS for the high contrast and the low contrasts. Binocular summation (BiS) was classified into three situations: binocular summation, equal and inbibition. The results of the distant random dots stereograph (RDS) were grouped into A, unable to recognize; B, moderate, 200″ ≤ RDS ≤ 400″ and C, good, RDS < 200″. Following the successful postoperative alignment, the proportion of patients with BiS were increased from 9.2 to 40.8%, 17.1 to 53.9%, 21.1 to 76.1% and 21.1 to 72.4% at 100%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% contrasts respectively. At 2.5% contrast, (1) more patients presented binocular summation in the groups B and C; (2) postoperative improvements of binocular visual acuity (BVA) in groups B (1.5 ± 1.03 lines) and C (1.57 ± 1.26 lines) were significantly different from the BVA in the group A (0.74 ± 1.00 line); and (3) in the group with central fusion, more patients presented BiS after surgery and the postoperative BVA improved by 1.43 ± 1.16 lines. Binocular summation for high contrast and different low contrasts can be improved in patients with IXT after successful surgical treatment. The improvement of BiS was associated with obtaining central fusion, recovering distant stereopsis and good alignment after the surgeries. The most significant improvement was shown at 2.5% contrast and was associated with good stereopsis and central fusion. The improvement of BiS, particularly at low contrast, has benefits for the daily activities in the real environment. BiS improvement could be used as a supplementary assessment of binocular function in patients with IXT before and after treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Improvement of binocular summation in intermittent exotropia following successful postoperative alignment

Liu

Ding

Zhang

2021

Sci Rep

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“…Livingstone and Hubel [ 12 ] showed that stereopsis is also mediated by the magnocellular pathway. Kwon and Jung [ 13 ] used the Optec 6500 vision testing system in IXT and illustrated that the binocular CS summation ratio of low spatial frequencies under photopic conditions was negatively correlated with stereopsis, and suggested its association with the magnocellular pathway. In our study, a poor CS at 1.8, 2.9, 4.5, and 7.1 cpd was associated with more inferior stereopsis, regardless of the presence or absence of the glare stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, a poor CS at 1.8, 2.9, 4.5, and 7.1 cpd was associated with more inferior stereopsis, regardless of the presence or absence of the glare stimulus. This range of spatial frequencies (1.8 to 7.1 cpd) includes 3 cpd, which is a low spatial frequency that was significantly correlated with stereopsis according to Kwon and Jung [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Kwon

Lee

2020

Korean J Ophthalmol

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Purpose To determine whether contrast sensitivity (CS) can represent photophobia in intermittent exotropia (IXT) by comparing the CS test with and without glare stimulus, and to analyze the factors of IXT affecting CS. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 107 patients with basic-type IXT. We compared CS under mesopic and photopic conditions, with and without glare. We compared the difference in CS before and after glare (ΔCS) between mesopic and photopic conditions, and compared CS with glare between patients with and without photophobia. The correlations between the clinical features of IXT and CS were analyzed. Results There was no significant reduction in CS at all spatial frequencies by glare stimulus. ΔCS was greater at high spatial frequencies under photopic conditions than under mesopic conditions. The group with subjective photophobia showed lower CS at 10.2 cpd under mesopic conditions with glare. CS showed a negative correlation with stereopsis under both mesopic and photopic conditions, and a positive correlation with fusional ability at low and intermediate spatial frequencies under mesopic conditions. ΔCS was smaller at intermediate spatial frequencies with better fusional ability, greater at high spatial frequencies with photophobia, and greater at intermediate spatial frequencies with a higher frequency of exotropia. Conclusions The CS test could not represent photophobia in IXT. However, CS tended to decrease with glare stimulus, and CS under mesopic conditions with glare was worse when accompanied by photophobia. Moreover, a poorer degree of stereopsis was associated with lower CS, and better fusional ability was associated with higher CS under mesopic conditions. Therefore, the CS test can be considered helpful in evaluating sensory function in IXT.

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“…The CS test represents the spatial resolution of the visual system, which can be abnormal in many diseases including amblyopia, optic neuritis, cataract, glaucoma, strabismus, and brain lesion 4 , 5 . Several studies have investigated CS in exotropia patients under different conditions, such as the presence or absence of glare and degree of illumination 6 – 9 . However, to date, only a limited number of studies have evaluated the changes in monocular and binocular CS according to surgical outcomes after strabismus surgery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in contrast sensitivity after surgery for intermittent exotropia

Bae

Choi

2022

Sci Rep

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To determine whether intermittent exotropia (IXT) surgery affects contrast sensitivity (CS), this retrospective study evaluated the changes in monocular and binocular CS and the binocular summation ratio (BSR) quantified as the ratio between the values of the binocular and the better monocular CS score (BSR = binocular CS score/better monocular CS score) after surgery for IXT. The subjects were patients who had undergone IXT-correcting surgery with a postoperative follow-up of > 3 months and had pre- and postoperative records of Mars CS test scores. In total, 64 patients (128 eyes) were evaluated. Both the binocular and monocular CS scores of the operated eyes were significantly worse on postoperative 1 day than the preoperative scores, but they were recovered after 1 week. The monocular CS scores of the operated eyes were significantly worse than those of the non-operated eyes until 1 week. There was no significant difference in monocular CS scores between the one-muscle and two-muscle surgeries and in binocular CS scores between the successful alignment and overcorrection groups even on the first day after surgery. The mean BSR was significantly decreased until postoperative month 1, however, recovered to preoperative levels after month 3. In conclusion, IXT-correcting surgery may temporarily worsen the CS, but it is recovered to preoperative levels. Thus, changes in CS in the immediate postoperative period after strabismus surgery should not be of concern.

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Subnormal Binocular Contrast Sensitivity Summation in Patients with Intermittent Exotropia

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Improvement of binocular summation in intermittent exotropia following successful postoperative alignment

Improvement of binocular summation in intermittent exotropia following successful postoperative alignment

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Changes in contrast sensitivity after surgery for intermittent exotropia

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