Submarining sensitivity across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment

Rawska, Katarzyna; Gepner, Bronisław; Moreau, David; Kerrigan, Jason

doi:10.1080/15389588.2020.1791324

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The issue of submarining of HBMs has been studied in a number of research publications, particularly with respect to seatback recline angles. Rawska et al (2020) found that in some cases increased seat pan inclination could prevent submarining. While they did not investigate increased rearward adjustments directly, they discovered that Frontiers in Future Transportation frontiersin.org 13 in the cases with no knee bolster also increased seat pan inclination could not prevent submarining (Rawska et al, 2020).…”

Section: Effects Of Large Rearward Seat Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rawska et al (2020) found that in some cases increased seat pan inclination could prevent submarining. While they did not investigate increased rearward adjustments directly, they discovered that Frontiers in Future Transportation frontiersin.org 13 in the cases with no knee bolster also increased seat pan inclination could not prevent submarining (Rawska et al, 2020). In the present study, only a single seat back recline angle and a single seat pan inclination angle were used.…”

Section: Effects Of Large Rearward Seat Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protection challenges in seat positions with large rearward adjustment in frontal collisions: An approach using stochastic human body model simulations

Ressi

Leo

Klug

et al. 2022

Front. Future Transp.

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Novel seat positions enabled by self-driving cars have been investigated in various studies in recent years. However, there is little research on the effect of increased rearward seat adjustments. To predict challenges associated with the possibility to move the seat further backwards in the car than currently possible as driver, appropriate methods have to be defined. A detailed human body model, a THUMS v4.1 in particular, tissue-based injury risk evaluation methods, a generic vehicle interior and a Latin hypercube design of experiments taking the variability of real-world crashes into account was established. In a first step, 200 simulations at current representative seat positions and a driving occupant posture were performed. The results were then compared to field data from an accident database to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The predictions exceeded the injury risks for the abdomen, head, and upper extremities, while underestimating the risk for thoracic and lower extremity injuries. A good match was observed for injuries of the neck and spine. In a second step, the 200 simulations were run again, but with the seat adjusted rearwards significantly. In this seat configuration, with the exception of the head and the upper extremities, increased injury risks were predicted for all body regions. The highest increases affected the lower extremities (+28%)—predominantly pelvic fractures—and the neck (+9%). In addition, (partial) submarining occurred in almost 50% of cases with the rearward adjusted seat—as opposed to none in the conventional seat position. The established method could be used in future studies to design safety measures addressing these identified potential safety risks.

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Section: Effects Of Large Rearward Seat Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Large Rearward Seat Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection challenges in seat positions with large rearward adjustment in frontal collisions: An approach using stochastic human body model simulations

Ressi

Leo

Klug

et al. 2022

Front. Future Transp.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Commonly known as FE Human Body Models (FE-HBM), not only are these models capable of matching human responses ( Wu et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2018 ) but also have the potential to model omnidirectional responses and predict injury at the tissue levels ( Iraeus and Lindquist, 2014 ; Perez-Rapela et al, 2021b ). The capabilities of HBMs open avenues to evaluate safety in non-traditional cases ( Katagiri et al, 2016 ; Perez-Rapela et al, 2019 ) and future seating configurations ( Rawska et al, 2020 , Rawska et al, 2021 ; Östh et al, 2020 ). HBMs are also useful in assessing injury for a wider range of road users, for example, pedestrians and cyclists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hello, world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection

John

Klug

Kranjec

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Finite element Human Body Models are increasingly becoming vital tools for injury assessment and are expected to play an important role in virtual vehicle safety testing. With the aim of realizing models to study sex-differences seen in the injury- and fatality-risks from epidemiology, we developed models that represent an average female and an average male. The models were developed with an objective to allow tissue-based skeletal injury assessment, and thus non-skeletal organs and joints were defined with simplified characterizations to enhance computational efficiency and robustness. The model lineup comprises female and male representations of (seated) vehicle occupants and (standing) vulnerable road users, enabling the safety assessment of broader segments of the road user population. In addition, a new workflow utilized in the model development is presented. In this workflow, one model (the seated female) served as the base model while all the other models were generated as closely-linked derivative models, differing only in terms of node coordinates and mass distribution. This approach opens new possibilities to develop and maintain further models as part of the model lineup, representing different types of road users to reflect the ongoing transitions in mobility patterns (like bicyclists and e-scooter users). In this paper, we evaluate the kinetic and kinematic responses of the occupant and standing models to blunt impacts, mainly on the torso, in different directions (front, lateral, and back). The front and lateral impacts to the thorax showed responses comparable to the experiments, while the back impact varied with the location of impact (T1 and T8). Abdomen bar impact showed a stiffer load-deflection response at higher intrusions beyond 40 mm, because of simplified representation of internal organs. The lateral shoulder impact responses were also slightly stiffer, presumably from the simplified shoulder joint definition. This paper is the first in a series describing the development and validation of the new Human Body Model lineup, VIVA+. With the inclusion of an average-sized female model as a standard model in the lineup, we seek to foster an equitable injury evaluation in future virtual safety assessments.

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“…This has a reflection in reclined position crashes. For example, according to [35][36][37], small females were prone to submarining. Moreover, according to [38,39] the pelvis angle was significantly affected by BMI (body mass index).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Passenger Position Seating on Recline Seat on a Head Injury during a Frontal Crash

Górniak

Matla

Górniak

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Presently, most passive safety tests are performed with a precisely specified seat position and carefully seated ATD (anthropomorphic test device) dummies. Facing the development of autonomous vehicles, as well as the need for safety verification during crashes with various seat positions such research is even more urgently needed. Apart from the numerical environment, the existing testing equipment is not validated to perform such an investigation. For example, ATDs are not validated for nonstandard seatback positions, and the most accurate method of such research is volunteer tests. The study presented here was performed on a sled test rig utilizing a 50cc Hybrid III dummy according to a full factorial experiment. In addition, input factors were selected in order to verify a safe test condition for surrogate testing. The measured value was head acceleration, which was used for calculation of a head injury criterion. What was found was an optimal seat angle −117°—at which the head injury criteria had the lowest represented value. Moreover, preliminary body dynamics showed a danger of whiplash occurrence for occupants in a fully-reclined seat.

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Submarining sensitivity across varied seat configurations in autonomous driving system environment

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Protection challenges in seat positions with large rearward adjustment in frontal collisions: An approach using stochastic human body model simulations

Protection challenges in seat positions with large rearward adjustment in frontal collisions: An approach using stochastic human body model simulations

Hello, world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection

Influence of a Passenger Position Seating on Recline Seat on a Head Injury during a Frontal Crash

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