“…In addition to direct mortality, pesticides can induce various physiological and behavioral sublethal effects in exposed arthropods (Desneux et al ., ; Biondi et al ., ) and changes of insect population dynamics (Desneux et al ., , b; Stark et al ., ; Biondi et al ., ). Transgenerational effects and hormesis may also occur owing to exposure to pesticides (Cordeiro et al ., ; Guo et al ., ; Vilca Mallqui et al ., ; Qu et al ., ). All these effects should be considered for comprehensive assessment of potential effects that pesticides could have on insects (Tan et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ; Chen et al ., , and see Guedes et al ., for a thorough review).…”