Subantarctic Mode Water Variations in the Three Southern Hemisphere Ocean Basins During 2004–2019

Wang, Ran; Nan, Feng; Yu, Fei; Wang, Bin

doi:10.1029/2021jc017906

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…However, because SAMWs in different ocean basins present different characteristics due to the uneven pattern of buoyancy flux and wind stress in SAMW formation region, SAMWs formed in different ocean basins have been explored separately (Cerovečki & Meijers, 2021;Downes et al, 2017;Herraiz-Borreguero & Rintoul, 2011;Kolodziejczyk et al, 2019;Meijers et al, 2019;Tamsitt et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2022). Since SAMW formed in Southern Indian Ocean (SIO), hereafter SEISAMW (Southeast Indian Subantarcitc Mode Water), is highly sensitive to the air-sea interaction change (Banks et al, 2000(Banks et al, , 2002, many studies have focused on the SEI-SAMW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Spreading of Southeast Indian Subantarctic Mode Water During Argo Period

Qiu,

Lan,

Wei

et al. 2024

JGR Oceans

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Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is one of the most important water masses for the global ocean uptake and storage of heat and carbon. Based on Argo observations, this study focus on the Southeast Indian Subantarctic mode water (SEISAMW), and investigates the changes of SEISAMW spreading and associated mechanisms. SEISAMW is formed through air‐sea interaction as low potential vorticity water in late winter and subducts into permanent thermocline between outcrop lines of 26.6 σθ and 26.9 σθ in Southern Indian Ocean (SIO). After subduction, the SEISAMW spreads northwestward into subtropical gyre and southeastward into Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) separately. During Argo period, the percentage of SEISAMW volume spreading into SIO subtropics decreases at light layer (26.6–26.7 σθ) while increases at medium (26.7–26.8 σθ) and dense (26.8–26.9 σθ) layer. These changes are attributed to the meridional shifts of outcrop lines. The outcrop lines of 26.6 σθ and 26.7 σθ in the central of SIO (75°–90°E), where light SEISAMW forms, shift poleward. The poleward shifts of outcrop lines result in less light SEISAMW spreading into subtropical gyre. In contrast, outcrop lines of 26.7 σθ and 26.8 σθ south of Australia shift equatorward and favor more medium and dense SEISAMWs spreading into subtropical gyre. The shifts of outcrop lines are closely related to the enhancement of Southern Annular Mode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Spreading of Southeast Indian Subantarctic Mode Water During Argo Period

Qiu,

Lan,

Wei

et al. 2024

JGR Oceans

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“…R. Wang et al. (2022) further investigates a decrease in SAMW volume, thickness, and heat content in the SIO from 2004 to 2019, attributing it to the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) change driven by the SAM‐induced wind stress curl (WSC) anomaly. Zhang et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Argo period, the subtropical SIO experiences a strong cooling trend from 2006 to 2015, which is linked to a comparable horizontal pattern of isopycnal layer thickness loss (Kolodziejczyk et al, 2019). R. Wang et al (2022) further investigates a decrease in SAMW volume, thickness, and heat content in the SIO from 2004 to 2019, attributing it to the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) change driven by the SAM-induced wind stress curl (WSC) anomaly. Zhang et al (2021) investigated the impact of SAMW on a 15-year trend of subsurface temperature in the SIO from 2004 to 2018, revealing that the anomalous subsurface spice variability in the SAMW formation region can be advected to the ocean interior, favoring the cooler SAMW spice anomalies spread in the SIO via the subtropical gyre circulation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quasi‐Decadal Temperature Variability in the Intermediate Layer of Subtropical South Indian Ocean During the Argo Period

Huang

Zhuang

et al. 2023

JGR Oceans

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It has been reported that the subtropical South Indian Ocean (SIO) has been rapidly warming over the past two decades and can therefore be characterized as one of the major heat accumulators among the oceanic basins. However, this strong warming is not uniformly distributed in the vertical direction. In comparison to the decade‐long warming in the upper layer (0–300 m) in 2004–2013, the intermediate layer (300–1,000 m) displays a shorter warming during 2004–2009 and an intense cooling during 2010–2016. By decomposing temperature variations into heaving and spice components, and performing a heat budget analysis, we show that temperature variations in the intermediate layer during these two periods are primarily contributed by isopycnal migrations driven by local wind forcing. Local wind change in the subtropical SIO can be explained by the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2004–2016, while Southern Annular Mode (SAM) favors anomalous wind change in mid‐latitudes and the formation of basin‐wide wind change in the SIO. Additionally, wind forcing in the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation region, which is closely linked to the SAM, modulates the anomalous spreading of SAMW into the interior of the subtropical SIO. This, therefore, leads to the SAMW intrusion being of secondary importance to the quasi‐decadal temperature variability. Our findings demonstrate the independence of wind‐driven temperature changes on the quasi‐decadal scale in the intermediate layer of the subtropical SIO under the overall warming background of SIO waters.

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“…Over the Argo time period (since about 2004), SAMW has become warmer, fresher, and lighter in both the Indian and Pacific sectors (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2019; Portela et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2021). The warming is associated with a volume increase of the upper and lighter SAMW layer and volume decrease of the lower and denser SAMW layer (Hong et al., 2020; Kolodziejczyk et al., 2019; Portela et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decadal Reorganization of Subantarctic Mode Water

Cerovečki

Haumann

2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is one of the most important water masses globally in taking up anthropogenic heat and carbon dioxide. However, its long‐term changes in response to varying climatic conditions are not well understood. We use an ocean state estimate to analyze SAMW volume budgets for the period 1992 to 2017. They reveal a decadal SAMW volume reorganization comparable to the long‐term trend in Indian Ocean, and a multi‐decadal volume reorganization exceeding the long‐term trend in the Pacific. In both sectors, the SAMW reorganization exhibits a two‐layer density structure, with compensating volume changes of lighter and denser SAMW, driven by heat flux changes in the Indian sector and central Pacific and freshwater flux changes in the southeast Pacific. This variability is governed by a cumulative effect of surface flux anomalies associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Shorter‐term trends observed during the Argo period are largely explained by this variability.

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Subantarctic Mode Water Variations in the Three Southern Hemisphere Ocean Basins During 2004–2019

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Changes in Spreading of Southeast Indian Subantarctic Mode Water During Argo Period

Changes in Spreading of Southeast Indian Subantarctic Mode Water During Argo Period

Quasi‐Decadal Temperature Variability in the Intermediate Layer of Subtropical South Indian Ocean During the Argo Period

Decadal Reorganization of Subantarctic Mode Water

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