The present paper
assesses the heterogeneous nucleation of a small-molecule
drug and its relationship with the surface chemistry of engineered
heteronucleants. The nucleation of aspirin (ASA) was tuned by different
functional groups exposed by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) immobilized
on glass surfaces. Smooth topographies and defect-free surface modification
allowed the deconvolution of chemical and topographical effects on
nucleation. The nucleation induction time of ASA in batch crystallization
was mostly enhanced by methacrylate and amino groups, whereas it was
repressed by thiol groups. In this perspective, we also present a
novel strategy for the evaluation of surface–drug interactions
by confining drug crystallization to thin films and studying the preferential
growth of crystal planes on different surfaces. Crystallization by
spin coating improved the study of oriented crystallization, enabling
reproducible sample preparation, minimal amounts of drug required,
and short processing time. Overall, the acid surface tension of SAMs
dictated the nucleation kinetics and the extent of relative growth
of the ASA crystal planes. Moreover, the face-selective action of
monolayers was investigated by force spectroscopy and attributed to
the preferential interaction of exposed groups with the (100) crystal
plane of ASA.