Studying Gender Diversity

Rubin, Jennifer D.; Atwood, S.; Olson, Kristina R.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.011

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In the current research design, we take a binary approach to gender but acknowledge the gender diversity that exists within society, which includes people who are transgender and non-binary. We also recognize and agree with the benefits of conceptualizing gender and gender identity as being dynamic, culturally constructed, multidimensional, and continuous(Diekman & Schmader, in press;Hyde et al, 2019;Rubin et al, 2020).2 STEELE AND LIPMANThis document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 54%

Children’s implicit attitudes toward targets who differ by race and gender.

Steele¹,

Lipman²

2023

Developmental Psychology

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In the current research we examined non-Black children’s associations with targets who differed by both race and gender, with a focus on the role of categorization in informing children’s biases. Children aged 5 to 12 years (N = 206; 109 boys, 97 girls; 55% White; 68% of household incomes > $75,000/year), recruited from a science museum in a large multicultural Canadian city, completed a child-friendly Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 2003) that included own-gender Black and other-gender White targets. Children were randomly assigned to complete this IAT under one of three categorization conditions. When asked to categorize targets by gender as opposed to race, both girls and boys showed relatively more positive associations with own-gender Black targets over other-gender White targets. Children in a third, Ambiguous-Categorization (AC-IAT; Lipman et al., 2021) condition, which allowed for categorization by gender and/or race, were more likely to spontaneously categorize additional final trials primarily by gender (70%), suggesting that gender was the more salient social category. However, girls’ and boys’ biases in this condition differed, with girls showing relatively more positive associations with own-gender Black targets (Black girls > White boys) and boys showing relatively more positive associations with other-gender White targets (White girls > Black boys). In addition, the more boys and girls categorized by gender (over race) at the end of the task, the more they showed positive associations with own-gender Black targets over other-gender White targets. These findings provide insight into children’s social categorization processes and biases toward targets who differ by race and gender.

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mentioning

confidence: 54%

Children’s implicit attitudes toward targets who differ by race and gender.

Steele¹,

Lipman²

2023

Developmental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, we did not use this single item to code gender. This item’s content diverges from measures typically used to classify individuals as transgender (Friedrich & Fillippelli, 2019; Martin et al, 2017; Rubin et al, 2020; Tate et al, 2013) and we did not have a clear understanding of what these specific identities culturally reflect in China. One of the present study’s main questions concerns examining moderation by gender, which requires a measure that concretely assesses a person’s gender identity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Mental Health Contributors Among Transgender People in a Non-WEIRD Society: Evidence From China

Spielmann

Feng

Briley

et al. 2021

Social Psychological and Personality Science

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Transgender people face numerous social hurdles and consequently report elevated rates of mental health problems. However, little research has examined whether established mental health findings generalize to experiences of transgender people outside of Western contexts. In an analysis of the 2017 Chinese Transgender Population General Survey ( N = 1,106), we examined how discrimination and environmental support in a school context related to mental health and self-harm among transgender people. We found that more frequent school discrimination was associated with worse mental health and increased self-harm. Further, perceived environmental support was associated with better mental health but was unrelated to self-harm. These relations did not differ based on whether people were “out” about being transgender at school or between men and women. These findings highlight nuance in the experiences of transgender people outside of Western contexts and hold implications for developing effective social interventions.

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“…A limitation of the present study, however, is the smaller sample size of male participants compared to female. Echoing the recommendations espoused by experts in sex and gender research (e.g., McCarthy and Arnold, 2008;Jordan-Young and Rumiati, 2012;Rippon et al, 2014;Rubin et al, 2020), future studies that attempt to disentangle effects of sex from those of gender would greatly increase our broader understanding of individual differences. Studies able to incorporate larger participant groups, balanced in number, would be ideal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Peak Alpha Frequency Oscillations During Working Memory Is Greater in Females Than Males

Ghazi

Blacker

Hinault

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Peak alpha frequency is known to vary not just between individuals, but also within an individual over time. While variance in this metric between individuals has been tied to working memory performance, less understood are how short timescale modulations of peak alpha frequency during task performance may facilitate behavior. This gap in understanding may be bridged by consideration of a key difference between individuals: sex. Inconsistent findings in the literature regarding the relationship between peak alpha frequency and cognitive performance, as well as known sex-related-differences in peak alpha frequency and its modulation motivated our hypothesis that cognitive and neural processes underlying working memory—modulation of peak alpha frequency in particular—may differ based upon sex. Targeting sex as a predictive factor, we analyzed the EEG data of participants recorded while they performed four versions of a visual spatial working memory task. A significant difference between groups was present: females modulated peak alpha frequency more than males. Task performance did not differ by sex, yet a relationship between accuracy and peak alpha frequency was present in males, but not in females. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex as a factor in the study of oscillatory activity, particularly to further understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie working memory.

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Studying Gender Diversity

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Children’s implicit attitudes toward targets who differ by race and gender.

Children’s implicit attitudes toward targets who differ by race and gender.

Mental Health Contributors Among Transgender People in a Non-WEIRD Society: Evidence From China

Modulation of Peak Alpha Frequency Oscillations During Working Memory Is Greater in Females Than Males

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