Studying cognitive functions by means of direct electrical stimulation: a review

Papagno, Costanza

doi:10.1007/s10072-017-3095-2

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Evidence for an additional language-related region in the left temporal pole was indicated by an fMRI study on lexical-emotional processing (Ethofer et al, 2006). A further language-related function of the temporal pole seems to be the processing of proper names, as indicated by intracortical electrical stimulation experiments (Papagno, 2017).…”

Section: The Temporal Pole and Its Connectivitymentioning

confidence: 97%

The Margins of the Language Network in the Brain

2020

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This review paper summarizes the various brain modules that are involved in speech and language communication in addition to a left-dominant "core" language network that, for the present purpose, has been restricted to elementary formal-linguistic and more or less disembodied functions such as abstract phonology, syntax, and very basic lexical functions. This left-dominant perisylvian language network comprises parts of inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and upper temporal lobe, and a temporoparietal interface. After introducing this network, first, the various roles of neighboring and functionally connected brain regions are discussed. As a second approach, entire additional networks were considered rather than single regions, mainly motivated by resting-state studies indicating more or less stable connectivity patterns within these networks. Thirdly, some examples are provided for language tasks with functional demands exceeding the operating domain of the core language network. The rationale behind this approach is to present some outline of how the brain produces and perceives language, accounting, first, for a bulk of clinical studies showing typical forms of aphasia in case of left-hemispheric lesions in the core language network and second, for widespread activation patterns beyond this network in various experimental studies with language tasks. Roughly, the brain resources that complement the core language system in a task-specific way can be described as a number of brain structures and networks that are related to (1) motor representations, (2) sensory-related representations, (3) non-verbal memory structures, (4) affective/emotional processing, (5) social cognition and theory of mind, (6) meaning in context, and (7) cognitive control. After taking into account all these aspects, first, it seems clear that natural language communication cannot really work without additional systems. Second, it also becomes evident that during language acquisition the core language network has to be built up from outside, that is, from various neuronal activations that are related to sensory input, motor imitation, nursing, pre-linguistic sound communication, and pre-linguistic pragmatics. Furthermore, it might be worth considering that also in cases of aphasia the language network might be restored by being trained from outside.

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Section: The Temporal Pole and Its Connectivitymentioning

confidence: 97%

The Margins of the Language Network in the Brain

2020

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“…A possible interpretation would be that these points are false positives. As claimed by Papagno (2017), patients may suffer from attention dropout, or stimulation could propagate along subcortical fibers producing effects in remote linked areas. More participants stimulated in these areas are required to confirm the specific nature of these areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should I stay or should I go? The cerebral bases of street‐crossing decision

Baurès,

Leblond,

Dewailly

et al. 2023

J of Neuroscience Research

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An observer willing to cross a street must first estimate if the approaching cars offer enough time to safely complete the task. The brain areas supporting this perception, known as Time‐To‐Contact (TTC) perception, have been mainly studied through noninvasive correlational approaches. We carried out an experiment in which patients were tested during an awake brain surgery electrostimulation mapping to examine the causal implication of various brain areas in the street‐crossing decision process. Forty patients were tested in a gap acceptance task before their surgery to establish a baseline performance. The task was individually adapted upon this baseline level and carried out during their surgery. We acquired and normalized to MNI space the coordinates of the functional areas that influenced task performance. A total of 103 stimulation sites were tested, allowing to establish a large map of the areas involved in the street‐crossing decision. Multiple sites were found to impact the gap acceptance decision. A direct implication was however found mostly for sites within the right parietal lobe, while indirect implication was found for sites within the language, motor, or attentional networks. The right parietal lobe can be considered as causally influencing the gap acceptance decision. Other positive sites were all accompanied with dysfunction in other cognitive functions, and therefore should probably not be considered as the site of TTC estimation.

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“…Evidence suggests that the connection between the pMTG and inferior parietal cortex permits phonological information to be held in working memory ( 56 , 57 ) as part of the larger phonological loop system ( 58 ). Recent work suggests that this parietotemporal portion may control information about the order of phonological information, while the frontoparietal component is involved in transferring this order information to portions of the left inferior frontal gyrus ( 59 ). Further, there is evidence for human-unique differences in structure, as asymmetry of the thickness of the STS has been documented in humans but not in chimpanzees ( 60 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing human and chimpanzee temporal lobe neuroanatomy reveals modifications to human language hubs beyond the frontotemporal arcuate fasciculus

Sierpowska

Bryant

Janssen

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The biological foundation for the language-ready brain in the human lineage remains a debated subject. In humans, the arcuate fasciculus (AF) white matter and the posterior portions of the middle temporal gyrus are crucial for language. Compared with other primates, the human AF has been shown to dramatically extend into the posterior temporal lobe, which forms the basis of a number of models of the structural connectivity basis of language. Recent advances in both language research and comparative neuroimaging invite a reassessment of the anatomical differences in language streams between humans and our closest relatives. Here, we show that posterior temporal connectivity via the AF in humans compared with chimpanzees is expanded in terms of its connectivity not just to the ventral frontal cortex but also to the parietal cortex. At the same time, posterior temporal regions connect more strongly to the ventral white matter in chimpanzees as opposed to humans. This pattern is present in both brain hemispheres. Additionally, we show that the anterior temporal lobe harbors a combination of connections present in both species through the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and human-unique expansions through the uncinate and middle and inferior longitudinal fascicles. These findings elucidate structural changes that are unique to humans and may underlie the anatomical foundations for full-fledged language capacity.

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Studying cognitive functions by means of direct electrical stimulation: a review

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

The Margins of the Language Network in the Brain

The Margins of the Language Network in the Brain

Should I stay or should I go? The cerebral bases of street‐crossing decision

Comparing human and chimpanzee temporal lobe neuroanatomy reveals modifications to human language hubs beyond the frontotemporal arcuate fasciculus

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