Study on the nucleating agents for gallium to reduce its supercooling

Zhang, Chenglin; Li, Lei; Yang, Xiaohu; Shi, Jun; Gui, Lin; Liu, Jing

doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.119055

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…[43] Such supercooling effects of LM can be significantly reduced by changing the types of solvents and LMs or adding nucleating agent. [44][45][46] Figure 2C showed the reversible NTC behavior for BMPC conductor that increasing temperature (10-50 °C) would lead to the decrease of resistance (2 × 10 8 to 1 Ω), indicating that the electrical connective network in BMPCs was significantly influenced by temperature. Decreasing the temperature reversed the phenomenon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

et al. 2021

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Metal–polymer composites (MPCs) with combined properties of metals and polymers have achieved much industrial success. However, metals in MPCs are thought to be ordinary and invariable electrically conductive fillers in supportive polymers to show limited use in modern technologies. This work that is disclosed here, for the first time, introduces stimuli‐driven transition from biphasic to monophasic state of liquid metal into polymer science to form dynamic soft conductors from the binary metal–polymer composites. The binary metal that exhibits temperature‐driven reversible transition between solid and liquid states via a biphasic state is fabricated. A conducting stretchable polymer composite is developed using the judiciously chosen biphasic binary metal that undergoes conductor to insulator transition upon stretching. Insulating stretched films become conducting upon heating. A “tube” model elegantly describes such distinctive deformation/temperature‐dependent behaviors. Moreover, the conducting polymer composite shows decrease in its resistance upon increasing the sample temperature. The resistance can be tuned from 1 to 108 Ω depending on the state of binary metal in the phase diagram. This work would build the intimate and interesting connection between metal phases and polymer science toward next‐generation soft conductors and beyond.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

et al. 2021

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“…26,69,142,143 Bulk LMs can be utilized for the dispersion of inorganic particles forming LM inorganic nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength and/or thermal properties, and also with other functionalities such as the modulation of supercooling. 29,[144][145][146] In such cases, strong shear forces should be applied to assist in wrapping the incorporated particles into the LM bulk. To date, Ga and Ga-based inorganic nanocomposites have been synthesized with 2D transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), functionalized carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, graphite, diamond, tungsten and silicon carbide for a variety of applications.…”

Section: Lm Inorganic Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology

et al. 2022

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“…Electrofreezing [ 12 ] and mechanical stimulation [ 13,14 ] have been shown to reduce the degree of supercooling; however, these methods reportedly show unstable supercooling reduction and requires an external device for electric stimulation or mechanical shock that is not appropriate to enable a compact design. Adding nucleating agents (e.g., TeO2, CaO, MgO, Fe, and Cu) can accelerate the nucleation of gallium, [ 11 ] but the reduction in the degree of supercooling has been revealed to be inconsistent, failing to provide a constant, controllable phase transition time. In addition, gallium‐coated copper is known to induce heterogeneous nucleation of liquid metal, [ 15 ] but its catalytic effect has not been studied in depth.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To realize the full potential of TES with fast bidirectional rigid–soft transformation capability, it is necessary to overcome the issue of supercooling in the gallium‐based TES. [ 9,11 ]…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Design Strategy for Transformative Electronic System toward Rapid, Bidirectional Stiffness Tuning using Graphene and Flexible Thermoelectric Device Interfaces

et al. 2021

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Electronics with tunable shape and stiffness can be applied in broad range of applications because their tunability allows their use in either rigid handheld form or soft wearable form, depending on needs. Previous research has enabled such reconfigurable electronics by integrating a thermally tunable gallium‐based platform with flexible/stretchable electronics. However, supercooling phenomenon caused in the freezing process of gallium impedes reliable and rapid bidirectional rigid–soft conversion, limiting the full potential of this type of “transformative” electronics. Here, materials and electronics design strategies are reported to develop a transformative system with a gallium platform capable of fast reversible mechanical switching. In this electronic system, graphene is used as a catalyst to accelerate the heterogeneous nucleation of gallium to mitigate the degree of supercooling. Additionally, a flexible thermoelectric device is integrated as a means to provide active temperature control to further reduce the time for the solid–liquid transition of gallium. Analytical and experimental results establish the fundamentals for the design and optimized operation of transformative electronics for accelerated bidirectional transformation. Proof‐of‐concept demonstration of a reconfigurable system, which can convert between rigid handheld electronics and a flexible wearable biosensor, demonstrates the potential of this design approach for highly versatile electronics that can support multiple applications.

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Study on the nucleating agents for gallium to reduce its supercooling

Cited by 50 publications

References 40 publications

Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

Stimuli‐Driven Insulator–Conductor Transition in a Flexible Polymer Composite Enabled by Biphasic Liquid Metal

Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology

Design Strategy for Transformative Electronic System toward Rapid, Bidirectional Stiffness Tuning using Graphene and Flexible Thermoelectric Device Interfaces

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