Study on effectiveness of activated calcium oxide in pilot plant biodiesel production

Devaraj, Kubendran; Manivasagan, V.; Aathika, Salma; Mani, Yuvarani; Thanarasu, Amudha; Dhanasekaran, Anuradha; Sivanesan, S.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.244

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The majority of the studies published involving heterogeneous alkaline catalysis are focused in the use of metal oxides, with calcium oxide (CaO) being one of the most studied due its high basicity, low solubility and cost, nontoxic, and high stability [59]. In one of these researches, Devaraj et al [63] reports results of the application of activated CaO on the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a pilot plant of 15 L: 96% of biodiesel was achieved in 2 H under 80 • C, 3 wt% of catalyst and methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1. In a similar work, Navas et al [64] reported 97% of biodiesel yield obtained from castor oil and using butanol as acyl acceptor, using as catalyst the compound MgO/γ -Al 2 O 3 under 80 • C, 5 wt% of catalyst, alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, and 6 H of reaction.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipases in liquid formulation for biodiesel production: Current status and challenges

Wancura

Tres

Jahn

et al. 2019

Biotech and App Biochem

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Enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel showed advantageous characteristics in relation to other technologies once it works under bland conditions, no generation of wastewater, no occurrence of saponifications reactions and production of a biodiesel with high quality. Although many researches still apply immobilized lipases, the high costs associated with this biocatalyst hamper the economic viability of the process. Lipases in free/soluble/liquid formulation employed to biodiesel production via hydroesterification reaction have attracted interest from researchers because they are more cost effective than the immobilized form, making the enzymatic route more competitive. In addition, soluble lipases present higher reaction rates, reducing the time required to obtain a satisfactory biodiesel yield. Despite the fact that already exist industrial plants producing biodiesel with the assistance of lipases in liquid formulation, results of researches show that the process still needs to overcome some drawbacks. This paper is a comprehensive and critical discussion on the publications where soluble lipases were applied on biodiesel synthesis, as well as the challenges that the technology faces and its current status in pilot and industrial applications.

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“…During biodiesel synthesis, raw materials with high FFA contents require a two-step process, namely esterification and transesterification [7,8]. In general, lard has an FFA content higher that 1% [16]; in fact, the raw materials analysis showed that the FFA content of lard was 10.05%.…”

Section: Esterification Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transesterification is a reaction between triglycerides that can be obtained from oil derived from plants or fats from animals with alcohol to produce FAME and glycerol as a byproduct [6,7]. Esterification is carried out if the FFA content of the raw materials is higher than 2% [8,9]. If the FFA content <1%, biodiesel synthesis is carried out by transesterification only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Methanolysis of Lard Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Eggshell: Effects of Reaction Time and Catalyst Loading

Buchori¹,

Anggoro²,

Ma’ruf³

2021

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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Biodiesel was produced from lard using a CaO catalyst derived from eggshells. The effects of catalyst loading and transesterification reaction time were investigated. The results revealed that the increase in yield of biodiesel occurred at all catalyst loading when the reaction time was increased. The optimal reaction time was obtained at 60 minutes. The results also indicated that there was an increase in yield of biodiesel when the catalyst loading was increased from 0.5% to 1%. Furthermore, increases in catalyst loading decreased biodiesel yields. The most optimum biodiesel yield of 92.69% was achieved when the reaction time, catalyst loading, methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and pressure were 60 minutes, 1%, 6:1, 65 °C, and 1 atm, respectively. The FAME content in biodiesel product was 95.28%. The biodiesel obtained reflected a cetane number and heating value of 46.2 and 37.86 MJ/kg, respectively. Eggshell-derived CaO catalysts exhibited excellent reusability.

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“…Although CaO is a high-performance catalyst, this type of catalyst requires high leaching during the reaction [26]. It should also be noted that the existence of CaO in the reaction mixture leads to separation problems of catalyst from biodiesel products [27][28]. In recent years, researchers have tried to solve the intrinsic leaching problem, and also improve the activity of the catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Synthesis Method on the Catalytic Performance of Ca-Mg-Al Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Anbia

Sedaghat

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Conversion Materials

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The synthesized nanomaterials by two different methods were used as a catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel. For both environmental and economic reasons, it is beneficial to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oils. It is desirable to help solve waste oil disposal by utilizing its oils as an inexpensive starting material in biodiesel synthesis. The structure, morphology, and surface properties of resulting nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The synthesized nanocatalysts' efficiency in the production of biodiesel was studied by Gas Chromatography (GC) as well as leaching amounts of surface active components of each catalyst investigated by the EDX technique. The reactions were performed at 65°C using a 9:1 methanol to oil ratio for 3 h. The results indicate that the impregnated mixed metal oxide catalyst ( Ca-MgAl) shows a higher surface area and better mechanical strength than the totally co-precipitated mixed metal oxide catalyst (CaMgAl(O)). Although both of the fully co-precipitated and impregnated catalysts represented about 90% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield the leaching of active calcium component was significantly reduced from 45.8% in precipitated CaMgAl(O) to 8% for the impregnated Ca-MgAl catalyst. This improved structure represents the advantage of the impregnation technique to co-precipitation procedure for fabrication of robust nanostructures.

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“…While the homogeneous catalysts are widely used in the biodiesel industry, the separation of catalysts from products, the corrosion of the reactor, as well as secondary reactions, have led us to explore heterogeneous catalysts as a potential alternative to improve biodiesel production. Solid catalysts, such as MgO [2] Li/TiO 2 [10], La 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 [11], CaO-La 2 O 3 [26], CaO [27][28][29], potassium-impregnated Fe 3 O 4 -CeO 2 [9], Li 2 SiO 3 [30], and Ag/CeO 2 [31], have been efficiently employed for biodiesel production. Nanomaterial catalysts have gained attention in academia and industry due to their properties in tuning chemical reactions [9,[32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of the ZrO2 Loading in SiO2@ZrO2-CaO Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction

et al. 2020

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The effect of the ZrO2 loading was studied on spherical SiO2@ZrO2-CaO structures synthetized by a simple route that combines the Stöber and sol-gel methods. The texture of these materials was determined using SBET by N2 adsorption, where the increment in SiO2 spheres’ surface areas was reached with the incorporation of ZrO2. Combined the characterization techniques of using different alcoholic dissolutions of zirconium (VI) butoxide 0.04 M, 0.06 M, and 0.08 M, we obtained SiO2@ZrO2 materials with 5.7, 20.2, and 25.2 wt % of Zr. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis also uncovered the shape and reproducibility of the SiO2 spheres. The presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell was also determined by TEM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that the c-ZrO2 phase changed in to m-ZrO2 by incorporating calcium, which was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The purity of the SiO2 spheres, as well as the presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell, was assessed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method. CO2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD-CO2) measurements confirmed the increment in the amount of the basic sites and strength of these basic sites due to calcium incorporation. The catalyst reuse in FAME production from canola oil transesterification allowed confirmation that these calcium core@shell catalysts turn out to be actives and stables for this reaction.

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Study on effectiveness of activated calcium oxide in pilot plant biodiesel production

Cited by 37 publications

References 20 publications

Lipases in liquid formulation for biodiesel production: Current status and challenges

Biodiesel Production from Methanolysis of Lard Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Eggshell: Effects of Reaction Time and Catalyst Loading

Effect of Synthesis Method on the Catalytic Performance of Ca-Mg-Al Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

The Effect of the ZrO2 Loading in SiO2@ZrO2-CaO Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction

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